Cited by 12Liver physiology and pathologyLiver Disease Diagnosis and TreatmentLiver Diseases and Immunity

Novel regulators of hepatic macrophages in liver fibrosis

Open access
Tang, Xiangjun, Bai, Meiwen, Du, Xianhong, Wang, Hong, Liu, Meifang, Fu, Xiaoyan, Zhang, Hongxia, Liang, Shujuan +1 more·2025·Frontiers in Immunology

Abstract

Liver fibrosis is a common pathological process resulting from liver damage and subsequent inflammatory responses in various chronic liver diseases, leading to persistent structural and functional abnormalities in the liver. It can further progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, no effective treatments are available for liver fibrosis, except for liver transplantation. Hepatic macrophages play essential roles in both the development and regression of liver fibrosis. Understanding the mechanisms by which hepatic macrophages regulate liver fibrosis could identify new therapeutic targets. In this review, we aim to summarize recent discoveries regarding the specific molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of liver fibrosis over the past 5 years, with a special focus on monocyte recruitment and macrophage polarization or differentiation, as well as their roles in disease progression.

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Crossref · 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1705503

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  • IFN-γ and GM-CSF drive polarization towards a classically activated (M1) phenotype, producing pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) that exacerbate tissue damage.

    “For instance, signals like IFN-γ and GM-CSF drive polarization towards a classically activated (M1) phenotype, producing pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α) that exacerbate tissue damage.”

    From Macrophage duality in liver diseases: heterogeneity, plasticity, and the quest for precision therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [22]

    The “Hepatic macrophages” section says GM-CSF can induce classical M1 polarization and that M1 macrophages express IL-1 and TNF-α, which can result in tissue damage. The “Key signaling pathways” section links IFN-γ signaling to M1 polarization indirectly through SOCS1, but does not explicitly say IFN-γ itself drives it. The paper names IL-1β in a separate discussion of activated Kupffer cells, not specifically as an M1 product. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • IL-4 and IL-13 promote an alternatively activated (M2) phenotype, characterized by secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β, which facilitate inflammation resolution and tissue repair.

    “In contrast, IL-4 and IL-13 promote an alternatively activated (M2) phenotype, characterized by the secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β, which facilitate inflammation resolution and tissue repair (21, 22).”

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Authors
Tang, X., Bai, M., Du, X., Wang, H., Liu, M., Fu, X., Zhang, H., Liang, S., & Wang, L.
Corresponding author
  • Liang, Shujuan
  • Wang, Liyuan
Venue
Frontiers in Immunology
Published
2025-12-17
Volume
16
Pages
1705503-1705503
ISSN
1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4417422830
Cited by
12
References
199
Citations by year
2026: 12
FWCI
1.75
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver physiology and pathology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Diseases and Immunity
Keywords
liver fibrosis, hepatic macrophages, Kupffer cells, monocyte recruitment, macrophage polarization, macrophage differentiation, liver cirrhosis, chronic liver disease, therapeutic target
MeSH terms
Animals, Cell Differentiation, Humans, Liver, Liver Cirrhosis, Macrophage Activation, Macrophages, Disease Progression

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