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Cited by 63Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseGut microbiota and healthMicroscopic Colitis

Rules of Engagement: Epithelial-Microbe Interactions and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

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Jergens, Albert E., Parvinroo, Shadi, Kopper, Jamie, Wannemuehler, Michael J.·2021·Frontiers in Medicine
DOI 10.3389/fmed.2021.669913PMC PMC8432614
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Abstract

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are complex, multifactorial disorders that lead to chronic and relapsing intestinal inflammation. The exact etiology remains unknown, however multiple factors including the environment, genetic, dietary, mucosal immunity, and altered microbiome structure and function play important roles in disease onset and progression. Supporting this notion that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in IBD pathogenesis, studies in gnotobiotic mice have shown that mouse models of intestinal inflammation require a microbial community to develop colitis. Additionally, antimicrobial therapy in some IBD patients will temporarily induce remission further demonstrating an association between gut microbes and intestinal inflammation. Finally, a dysfunctional intestinal epithelial barrier is also recognized as a key pathogenic factor in IBD. The intestinal epithelium serves as a barrier between the luminal environment and the mucosal immune system and guards against harmful molecules and microorganisms while being permeable to essential nutrients and solutes. Beneficial (i.e., mutualists) bacteria promote mucosal health by strengthening barrier integrity, increasing local defenses (mucin and IgA production) and inhibiting pro-inflammatory immune responses and apoptosis to promote mucosal homeostasis. In contrast, pathogenic bacteria and pathobionts suppress expression and localization of tight junction proteins, cause dysregulation of apoptosis/proliferation and increase pro-inflammatory signaling that directly damages the intestinal mucosa. This review article will focus on the role of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the luminal environment acting as mediators of barrier function in IBD. We will also share some of our translational observations of interactions between IECs, immune cells, and environmental factors contributing to maintenance of mucosal homeostasis, as it relates to GI inflammation and IBD in different animal models.

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  • Postbiotics like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) can provide food for beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, boosting their development and activity, increasing their dominance, diversity and stability of the microbiome.

    “Postbiotics like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) can provide food for beneficial bacteria.In the gut, such as Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterial.”

    From Unveiling the therapeutic symphony of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in gut-immune harmony (2024) · cites this paper as [38]

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  • SCFAs might boost the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 (IL-10) and encourage the formation of regulatory T cells (Tregs), resulting in a more normal immune response, which decreases inflammation and protects against autoimmune diseases.

    “SCFAs, for instance, might boost the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 (IL-10) and encourage the formation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). This results in a more normal immune response, which in turn decreases inflammation and protects against autoimmune diseases.”

    From Unveiling the therapeutic symphony of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in gut-immune harmony (2024) · cites this paper as [38]

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  • Many postbiotics, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and peptidoglycans, have anti-inflammatory effects by regulating the activity of inflammatory immune cells and reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines, which is critical for protecting against chronic inflammation and keeping the gut in good working order.

    “Many postbiotics, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and peptidoglycans, have anti-inflammatory effects. They can regulate the activity of inflammatory immune cells and reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines. This anti-inflammatory impact is critical for protecting against chronic inflammation and keeping the gut in good working order.”

    From Unveiling the therapeutic symphony of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in gut-immune harmony (2024) · cites this paper as [38]

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  • Some postbiotics, such as bacteriocins and organic acids, have antibacterial capabilities that can impede the development and spread of dangerous pathogenic microorganisms in the digestive tract, reducing harmful microbes and protecting against infections.

    “Some postbiotics, such as bacteriocins and organic acids, have antibacterial capabilities that can impede the development and spread of dangerous pathogenic microorganisms in the digestive tract.”

    From Unveiling the therapeutic symphony of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in gut-immune harmony (2024) · cites this paper as [38]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

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  • Postbiotics can help the immune system learn to distinguish between innocuous and hazardous chemicals (immunological tolerance), preventing inappropriate immune responses to innocuous antigens and allergens by instructing the immune system and encouraging the growth of regulatory immune cells.

    “Postbiotics can help the immune system learn to distinguish between innocuous and hazardous chemicals, a process known as immunological tolerance. Postbiotics aid in preventing inappropriate immune responses to innocuous antigens and allergens by instructing the immune system and encouraging the growth of regulatory immune cells.”

    From Unveiling the therapeutic symphony of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in gut-immune harmony (2024) · cites this paper as [38]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

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References 170 · Cited by 63

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Authors
Jergens, A. E., Parvinroo, S., Kopper, J., & Wannemuehler, M. J.
Affiliations
Iowa State University (US)
Corresponding author
Jergens, Albert E.
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Medicine
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2021-08-27
Volume
8
Pages
669913-669913
ISSN
2296-858X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fmed.2021.669913
PMC
PMC8432614
OpenAlex
W3198551718
Cited by
63
References
170
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11
FWCI
1.36
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture
  • Iowa State University
  • Kenneth Rainin Foundation
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM099537)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Microscopic Colitis
Keywords
inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, intestinal epithelial barrier, gut microbiota, mucosal homeostasis, tight junctions, pathobionts, intestinal inflammation, gnotobiotic mouse model, antimicrobial therapy, mucin, IgA, apoptosis, immune cells

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