Is dorsal anterior cingulate cortex activation in response to social exclusion due to expectancy violation? An fMRI study
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People are typically quite sensitive about being accepted or excluded by others. Previous studies have suggested that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is a key brain region involved in the detection of social exclusion. However, this region has also been shown to be sensitive to non-social expectancy violations. We often expect other people to follow an unwritten rule in which they include us as they would expect to be included, such that social exclusion likely involves some degree of expectancy violation. The present event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study sought to separate the effects of expectancy violation from those of social exclusion, such that we employed an "overinclusion" condition in which a player was unexpectedly overincluded in the game by the other players. With this modification, we found that the dACC and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rVLPFC) were activated by exclusion, relative to overinclusion. In addition, we identified a negative correlation between exclusion-evoked brain activity and self-rated social pain in the rVLPFC, but not in the dACC. These findings suggest that the rVLPFC is critical for regulating social pain, whereas the dACC plays an important role in the detection of exclusion. The neurobiological basis of social exclusion is different from that of mere expectancy violation.
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Existing studies that compare social exclusion with over-inclusion and/or acceptance do not paint a consistent picture of dACC and AI involvement.
“Existing studies that compare social exclusion with over-inclusion and/or acceptance do not paint a consistent picture of dACC and AI involvement.”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Kawamoto et al., 2012
Over-inclusion may be a more appropriate comparison than fair play for determining the specificity of neural responses to the affective distress of exclusion, because its psychological experience may be better matched in the degree to which participants' expectations are violated.
“Over-inclusion may be a more appropriate comparison for determining the specificity of neural responses to the affective distress of exclusion, because its psychological experience may be better matched in the degree to which participant’s expectations are violated (Kawamoto et al., 2012).”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Kawamoto et al., 2012
In a Cyberball study with young adults, the dACC exhibited greater responses to exclusion than over-inclusion, but the AI did not.
“One such study with Cyberball in young adults found that the dACC exhibited greater responses to exclusion than over-inclusion, but that the AI did not (Kawamoto et al., 2012).”
From Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence (2020) · cites this paper as Kawamoto et al., 2012
Greater ACC activity is related to greater self-reported distress from exclusion during Cyberball, while greater ventrolateral PFC activation is related to less distress.
“Masten and colleagues (2009) found that greater ACC activity was related to greater self-reported distress from exclusion during Cyberball, while greater ventrolateral PFC activation was related to less distress; this latter association (but not the former) was also supported by Kawamoto et al. (2012) and Bolling et al. (2012).”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Kawamoto et al., 2012
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- Authors
- Kawamoto, T., Onoda, K., Nakashima, K., Nittono, H., Yamaguchi, S., & Ura, M.
- Affiliations
- Hiroshima University (JP)
- Shimane University (JP)
- Nagasaki Women's Junior College (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Kawamoto, Taishi
- Venue
- Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 11-11
- ISSN
- 1663-070X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3406317
- OpenAlex
- W2000222230
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 9.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (19203030, 12J05780, 22830128, 24500483)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Keywords
- social exclusion, expectancy violation, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, overinclusion, social pain, social acceptance
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