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Cited by 29Death Anxiety and Social ExclusionNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesBullying, Victimization, and Aggression

Feeling left out or just surprised? Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in adolescence

Open access
Cheng, Theresa W., Vijayakumar, Nandita, Flournoy, John C., Op de Macks, Zdena, Peake, Shannon J., Flannery, Jessica E., Mobasser, Arian, Alberti, Sarah L. +2 more·2020·Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
DOI 10.3758/s13415-020-00772-xPMC PMC7338003

Published version of a preprint

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Abstract

Social belonging is an important human drive that influences mood and behavior. Neural responses to social exclusion are well-characterized, but the specificity of these responses to processing rejection-related affective distress is unknown. The present study compares neural responses to exclusion and overinclusion, a condition that similarly violates fairness expectations but does not involve rejection, with a focus on implications for models of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and anterior insula (AI) function. In an fMRI adaptation of the Cyberball paradigm with adolescents aged 11.1-17.7 years (N = 69), we employed parametric modulators to examine scaling of neural signal with cumulative exclusion and inclusion events, an approach that overcomes arbitrary definitions of condition onsets/offsets imposed on fluid, continuous gameplay. We identified positive scaling of dACC and posterior insula response with cumulative exclusion events, but these same regions exhibited trending signal decreases with cumulative inclusion events. Furthermore, areas within the dACC and insula also responded to context incongruency (throws to the participant in the exclusion run; throws between computer players in the overinclusion run). These findings caution against interpretations that responses in these regions uniquely reflect the affective distress of exclusion within social interaction paradigms. We further identified that the left ventrolateral PFC, rostromedial PFC, and left intraparietal sulcus responded similarly to cumulative exclusion and inclusion. These findings shed light on which neural regions exhibit patterns of differential sensitivity to exclusion or overinclusion, as well as those that are more broadly engaged by both types of social interaction.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In an fMRI Cyberball study with 69 adolescents, the authors compared neural responses to social exclusion versus over-inclusion using parametric modulators for cumulative events. They found that dACC and posterior insula scaled positively with cumulative exclusion but also showed trending decreases with cumulative inclusion, cautioning against interpreting these regions as uniquely reflecting exclusion-related affective distress.

Key findings

  • Across ROIs, regions including ACC parcels, VS, left inferior frontal gyrus, and left posterior cingulate cortex showed significant signal increases with Increasing Exclusion after correction. The most superior/caudal dACC parcel showed greater signal for Increasing Exclusion than Increasing Inclusion, t(68)=2.97, p=.004, with signal increases for Increasing Exclusion (M=0.06, SE=0.02, t(68)=3.02, p=.003) and decreases for Increasing Inclusion (M=−0.11, SE=0.05, t(68)=−2.06, p=.043), though these ROI findings did not survive correction for multiple comparisons.
  • Whole-brain analyses found that the contrast Increasing Exclusion > Increasing Inclusion identified clusters in left motor cortex, right posterior insula, and supplementary motor area extending into dACC. The conjunction of Increasing Inclusion and Increasing Exclusion identified shared signal decreases in left intraparietal sulcus and shared increases in rostromedial PFC; left ventrolateral PFC and rostromedial PFC responded similarly to cumulative exclusion and inclusion.
  • Context-incongruent events (throws violating the run’s inclusionary/exclusionary context) engaged dACC, left anterior insula, and bilateral posterior insula, among other regions.
  • Exploratory analysis found a positive association between need-threat scores and Increasing Exclusion signal in a functionally defined dACC ROI (B=.06, SE=.03, t(66)=1.83, p=.072; without outliers t(63)=2.51, p=.0146). Age showed a trending negative association with VS response to Increasing Exclusion (B=−.03, SE=.017, t(67)=−1.99, p=.050; not significant after correction; without outliers t(63)=−1.80, p=.077).

Methods

  • Participants were 69 community adolescents aged 11.1–17.7 years (M=14.2, SD=1.5; 36 female) from an original 97 recruited; exclusions included dropout, no MRI, pilot task, incomplete task, technical error, and motion/signal dropout.
  • fMRI adaptation of Cyberball with separate over-inclusion and exclusion runs, each 44 throws, interspersed with fair play. In the inclusion run, 17 of 27 other-player throws were to the participant (63%); in the exclusion run, 6 of 38 were to the participant (16%). Inclusion always preceded exclusion.
  • Analyses used event-related GLM with parametric modulators for consecutive inclusion throws (Increasing Inclusion) and consecutive exclusion throws (Increasing Exclusion), ROI tests in ACC parcels, anterior insula, left inferior frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex, and ventral striatum, plus whole-brain conjunction/subtraction and a 2×2 repeated-measures ANOVA for event type by context. Need-threat was measured post-scan with the 12-item Need-Threat Scale (mean=3.23, SD=.73).

Limitations

  • The paper states that conditions were not counterbalanced: over-inclusion always preceded exclusion, so order effects cannot be ruled out. It also states that condition intensity was imbalanced, with a greater average number of cumulative events for Increasing Exclusion (M=5.97, SD=3.89) than Increasing Inclusion (M=2.73, SD=1.82), and few incongruent throws, reducing precision for some conditions.
  • The paper notes that only inclusion throws required a button press, creating asymmetrical motor demands, and that the linear parametric modulation may not capture the true shape of neural trajectories over longer interactions. Need-threat was assessed retrospectively, in reference to Cyberball generally rather than a specific run, and without a baseline measure.
  • Evident from the text: eight participants reported psychiatric diagnoses or psychotropic medication use, and eight indicated disbelief in the peer manipulation; sensitivity analyses excluding these participants (N=61) generally preserved the main pattern but some effects changed. The sample is a community adolescent sample, so findings may not generalize to clinical or other age groups.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3758/s13415-020-00772-x

Cites

Statistics

7 tests recomputed · 0 with the reported and recomputed p on opposite sides of .05

Claims the paper makes

0 of 72 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    In the same fMRI Cyberball paradigm, dACC and posterior insula exhibited trending signal decreases with cumulative inclusion events.

    “but these same regions exhibited trending signal decreases with cumulative inclusion events”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The left ventrolateral PFC, rostromedial PFC, and left intraparietal sulcus responded similarly to cumulative exclusion and inclusion.

    “the left ventrolateral PFC, rostromedial PFC, and left intraparietal sulcus responded similarly to cumulative exclusion and inclusion”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In an fMRI Cyberball paradigm with adolescents aged 11.1-17.7 years (N=69), dACC and posterior insula response showed positive scaling with cumulative exclusion events.

    “We identified positive scaling of dACC and posterior insula response with cumulative exclusion events”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Areas within the dACC and insula responded to context incongruency, defined as throws to the participant in the exclusion run and throws between computer players in the over-inclusion run.

    “areas within the dACC and insula also responded to context incongruency (throws to the participant in the exclusion run; throws between computer players in the over-inclusion run)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In the sensitivity subsamples, only signal increases with Increasing Exclusion were significant after correction for multiple comparisons in the caudal dACC parcel.

    “although only signal increases with Increasing Exclusion were significant after correction for multiple comparisons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 41
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 60
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The conjunction of Increasing Inclusion and Increasing Exclusion identified shared signal decreases in the left intraparietal sulcus and shared increases in the rostromedial PFC.

    “The conjunction of Increasing Inclusion and Increasing Exclusion identified shared signal decreases in the left intraparietal sulcus, as well as shared increases in the rostromedial PFC”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Differences in the pattern of ROI results and whole-brain analyses are generally minor.

    “Differences in the pattern of ROI results and whole-brain analyses are generally minor”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    On average, participants reported a moderate level of subjective need threat during Cyberball (mean NTS score=3.23, SD=.73), comparable to levels reported in other studies using Cyberball with adolescents.

    “On average, participants reported a moderate level of subjective need threat during the Cyberball game (mean NTS score=3.23, SD=.73; higher scores reflect more threat) as measured on the NTS, comparable to levels reported in other studies using Cyberball with adolescents (Masten et al., 2009; Bolling et al., 2011b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Masten et al., 2009 source

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    • cites Bolling et al., 2011b

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    Findingown data

    Post-hoc exploratory descriptive statistics suggest that the anterior insula pattern may be driven by dorsal, rather than ventral, aspects of the anterior insula.

    “Post-hoc exploratory descriptive statistics suggest that this pattern may be driven by dorsal, rather than ventral aspects of the anterior insula (see Supplementary Materials, section S6).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The left and right anterior insula ROIs exhibited notable signal increases with Increasing Exclusion that were non-significant after correction for multiple comparisons.

    “Additionally, the left and right anterior insula ROIs exhibited notable signal increases with Increasing Exclusion that were non-significant after correction for multiple comparisons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Three participants (4%) did not respond, eight (12%) expressed disbelief, and 58 participants (84%) believed they were interacting with real peers.

    “Three participants (4%) did not respond, eight (12%) expressed disbelief, and the remaining majority (58 participants; 84%) believed that they were interacting with real peers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    This dACC parcel exhibited both signal increases with Increasing Exclusion (M=0.06, SE=0.02, t(68)=3.02, p=.003) and decreases with Increasing Inclusion (M=−0.11, SE=0.05, t(68)=−2.06, p=.043).

    “This dACC parcel appeared to exhibit both signal increases with Increasing Exclusion (M=0.06, SE= 0.02, t(68)=3.02, p=.003) and decreases with Increasing Inclusion (M=−0.11, SE= 0.05, t(68)=−2.06, p=.043).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The left inferior frontal gyrus exhibited notable signal increases with Increasing Inclusion that were non-significant after correction for multiple comparisons.

    “The left inferior frontal gyrus also exhibited notable signal increases with Increasing Inclusion that were non-significant after correction for multiple comparisons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The lack of significant differences between Increasing Exclusion and Increasing Inclusion across both subsamples was generally due to either no responses or modest signal increases with Increasing Inclusion, with no notable decreases with Increasing Inclusion except in the caudal dACC parcel.

    “this was generally due to either no responses or modest signal increases with Increasing Inclusion (and no notable decreases with Increasing Inclusion except for in the caudal dACC parcel).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    The contrast Context Incongruent > Context Congruent events identified bilateral putamen, bilateral inferior parietal lobule (extending into right posterior superior temporal sulcus and posterior insula), bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, left AI, left precentral gyrus, left precuneus, left posterior superior temporal sulcus, left middle frontal gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus, supplementary,

    “The contrast of Context Incongruent > Context Congruent events identified the bilateral putamen, bilateral inferior parietal lobule (extending into right posterior superior temporal sulcus and posterior insula), bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, left AI, left precentral gyrus, left precuneus, left posterior superior temporal sulcus, left middle frontal gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus,”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A cluster in the left posterior insula exhibited significant signal increases with Increasing Exclusion and significant decreases with Increasing Inclusion.

    “a cluster in the left posterior insula exhibited significant signal increases with Increasing Exclusion and significant decreases with Increasing Inclusion.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    ROI analyses were consistent with the caudal dACC finding but were not significant after correction for multiple comparisons.

    “(ROI analyses were consistent with this finding, but were not significant after correction for multiple comparisons).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Greater signal in the dACC was driven not only by significant increases in signal with Increasing Exclusion, but also by non-significant but notable decreases in signal with Increasing Inclusion.

    “greater signal in the dACC was driven not only by significant increases in signal with Increasing Exclusion, but also by non-significant but notable (in effect size) decreases in signal with Increasing Inclusion.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There were no age effects, nor age interactions with the parametric modulators in whole-brain analyses.

    “There were no age effects, nor were there age interactions with the parametric modulators.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    These ROIs exhibited signal increases with Increasing Exclusion, providing evidence in favor of the validity of this modeling approach.

    “These ROIs exhibited signal increases with Increasing Exclusion, providing evidence in favor of the validity of this modeling approach.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In a social judgment study in late adolescents/young adults, the dACC and left AI responded to both positive and negative social feedback.

    “a social judgment study in late adolescents/young adults found that the dACC and left AI responded to both positive and negative social feedback (Dalgleish et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dalgleish et al., 2017 source

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The ventral striatum is more reliably recruited in Cyberball for adolescents than adults.

    “a prior meta-analysis identifying this region as more reliably recruited in Cyberball for adolescents than adults (Vijayakumar et al., 2017)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vijayakumar et al., 2017 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a Cyberball study with young adults, the dACC exhibited greater responses to exclusion than over-inclusion, but the AI did not.

    “One such study with Cyberball in young adults found that the dACC exhibited greater responses to exclusion than over-inclusion, but that the AI did not (Kawamoto et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kawamoto et al., 2012 source

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    Premisecitation

    Exclusion differs from fair play by defying widely-held baseline expectations of approximate fairness, thereby inducing expectancy violations.

    “exclusion differs from fair play by defying widely-held baseline expectations of approximate fairness (Gunther Moor et al., 2010; Rodman et al., 2017), thereby inducing expectancy violations”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Gunther Moor et al., 2010 source

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    • cites Rodman et al., 2017 source

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Over-inclusion may be a more appropriate comparison than fair play for determining the specificity of neural responses to the affective distress of exclusion, because its psychological experience may be better matched in the degree to which participants' expectations are violated.

    “Over-inclusion may be a more appropriate comparison for determining the specificity of neural responses to the affective distress of exclusion, because its psychological experience may be better matched in the degree to which participant’s expectations are violated (Kawamoto et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kawamoto et al., 2012 source

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    • The authors state this as an assumption: Both exclusion and over-inclusion similarly violate fairness expectations.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a similar paradigm in young adults, the ventral ACC responded to positive social feedback, while the dACC responded to expectancy violations across positive and negative feedback conditions.

    “a study in young adults found that the ventral (v)ACC responded to positive social feedback, while the dACC responded to expectancy violations across positive and negative feedback conditions (Somerville et al., 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Somerville et al., 2006 source

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Ventral striatum responses to social stimuli are negatively associated with peer susceptibility in adolescence.

    “its responses to social stimuli are negatively associated with peer susceptibility in adolescence (Pfeifer et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pfeifer et al., 2011 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Over-inclusion may be more similar to exclusion than fair play on other dimensions, such as the intensity of the affective experience.

    “Over-inclusion may also be more similar to exclusion than fair play on other dimensions, such as the intensity of the affective experience.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Kawamoto and colleagues employed a strategy of periods of over-inclusion and exclusion interspersed with fair play, but were constrained by arbitrary operationalization of inclusion and exclusion on continuous gameplay.

    “This strategy was employed by Kawamoto and colleagues (2012), although they were constrained by arbitrary operationalization of inclusion and exclusion on continuous gameplay (e.g., the Nth throw between computer players marks the onset of exclusion).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kawamoto and colleagues (2012)

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    Study design and conductcitation

    Motion artifacts were identified using an in-house automated script that evaluates changes in image intensity relative to the mean across all subjects and volume-to-volume changes in Euclidean distance.

    “Motion artifacts were identified using an in-house automated script that evaluates changes in image intensity relative to the mean across all subjects, as well as volume-to-volume changes in Euclidean distance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cosme et al., 2018

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    Study design and conductown data

    Post-hoc analyses suggest sufficient power (>0.8) to detect effect sizes of 0.31 or greater in two-tailed one-sample t-tests and effect sizes of 0.35 or greater in one-tailed one-sample t-tests of the difference between two dependent means.

    “Post-hoc analyses suggest that we have sufficient power (> 0.8) to detect effect sizes of 0.31 or greater in two-tailed one-sample t-tests (e.g. Increasing Exclusion = 0) and effect sizes of .35 or greater in one-tailed one-sample t-tests of the difference between two dependent means (e.g. Increasing Exclusion > Increasing Inclusion).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Study design and conductcitation

    The 12-item Need-Threat Scale has been validated as an overall measure of need-threat.

    “We used the 12-item version (Zadro et al., 2004), which has been validated as an overall measure of need-threat (Gerber et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Zadro et al., 2004 source

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    • cites Gerber et al., 2017 source

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    Study design and conductown data

    Two participants were excluded on the basis of head motion and/or signal dropout.

    “two participants were excluded on the basis of head motion/signal dropout.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Participants made short video profiles and viewed the other players' profiles, which further lent credibility to the cover story; to the authors' knowledge, this had not been done in prior studies.

    “Participants also made short video profiles to introduce themselves to the other players and viewed the other players’ profiles, further lending credibility to the cover story; to our knowledge, this has not been done in prior studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Recent studies suggest that pain and social rejection have distinct representations in the dACC and AI.

    “recent studies suggest that pain and social rejection have distinct representations in the dACC and AI (Woo et al., 2014; Kragel et al., 2018)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Woo et al., 2014 source

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    • cites Kragel et al., 2018 source

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    Premisecitation

    Adolescents spend a significant amount of time with peers both on and offline.

    “Social evaluation becomes a dominant concern (Somerville, 2013), with adolescents spending a significant amount of time with peers both on and offline (Csikszentmihalyi & Larson, 1984; Anderson & Jiang, 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Csikszentmihalyi & Larson, 1984

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    • cites Anderson & Jiang, 2018

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    Study design and conductown data

    Parametric modulators were not created for exclusion throws in the inclusion round or vice versa due to an insufficient number of such events in the respective runs.

    “Parametric modulators were not created for exclusion throws in the inclusion round or vice versa due to an insufficient number of such events in respective runs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Sensitivity analyses re-ran ROI and whole-brain analyses with the parametric modulators in a sample that excluded eight participants with psychiatric diagnoses or psychotropic medications (N=61).

    “We conducted sensitivity analyses by re-running ROI and whole-brain analyses with the parametric modulators in a sample that excluded these eight participants (N = 61).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Developing the capacity to navigate complex social relationships is a critical aspect of adolescence.

    “Developing the capacity to navigate complex social relationships is a critical aspect of adolescence (Blakemore & Mills, 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Blakemore & Mills, 2014 source

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    Study design and conductcitation

    Participants were not excluded based on responses to the believability survey because feelings of exclusion can be induced even when participants know they are playing with computer players.

    “We did not exclude participants based on responses to this survey item because feelings of exclusion can be induced even when participants know they are playing with computer players (Zadro et al., 2004).”
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    • cites Zadro et al., 2004 source

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    Study design and conductnone given

    The sample size was based on a priori power calculations for a different research question and statistical approach, namely group comparisons with child welfare and juvenile justice system samples.

    “The sample size was based on a priori power calculations for a different research question and statistical approach (group comparisons with the child welfare and juvenile justice system samples).”
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    Study design and conductown data

    Unless otherwise specified, reported results exceeded the minimum cluster size threshold needed for a .05 family-wise error rate given a voxel-wise threshold of p=.001 (bi-sided, NN=3, k=68).

    “Unless otherwise specified, reported results exceeded the minimum cluster size threshold needed for a .05 family-wise error (FWE) rate given a voxel-wise threshold of p=.001 (bi-sided, NN=3, k=68).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Neural resources dedicated to pain processing were co-opted over the course of evolution to make the experience of social rejection particularly salient, motivating the maintenance of close social ties and ultimately promoting evolutionary fitness.

    “This hypothesis suggests that neural resources dedicated to pain processing were co-opted over the course of evolution to make the experience of social rejection particularly salient, motivating the maintenance of close social ties and ultimately promoting evolutionary fitness (Baumeister and Leary, 1995; Eisenberger, 2012).”
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    • cites Eisenberger, 2012 source

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    Study design and conductown data

    The overall Need-Threat Scale exhibited good reliability in this sample, with standardized Cronbach's alpha of 0.81.

    “The overall scale exhibited good reliability in our sample (standardized Cronbach’s α=0.81).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Study design and conductreasoning

    Bonferroni correction was not applied because the set of tests are not independent; adjacent parcels are spatially correlated and the results of different tests are correlated.

    “We do not apply Bonferroni correction because the set of tests are not independent; adjacent parcels are spatially correlated both because parcels do not necessarily reflect strict signal boundaries and because of smoothing, and the results of different tests are correlated”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Study design and conductnone given

    All materials and procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Oregon.

    “all materials and procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Oregon.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula process the affective distress underlying both physical and social pain.

    “it has been proposed that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and anterior insula (AI) process the affective distress underlying both physical and social pain (Eisenberger, Lieberman, & Williams, 2003; Eisenberger, Jarcho, Lieberman, & Naliboff, 2006).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Eisenberger, Lieberman, & Williams, 2003 source

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    • cites Eisenberger, Jarcho, Lieberman, & Naliboff, 2006

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    Premisecitation

    Cyberball is a virtual ball-tossing game commonly used to simulate social exclusion in neuroimaging studies.

    “Cyberball (Williams, Cheung, & Choi, 2000) is a virtual ball-tossing game commonly used to simulate social exclusion in neuroimaging studies (for review and meta-analysis, see Vijayakumar, Cheng, & Pfeifer, 2017).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Williams, Cheung, & Choi, 2000 source

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    • cites Vijayakumar, Cheng, & Pfeifer, 2017 source

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    Study design and conductown data

    For the family of three age-related ventral striatum tests, multiple comparisons were accounted for using a Bonferroni-corrected threshold of p<.0167.

    “For this family of three tests, we accounted for multiple comparisons by using a Bonferroni-corrected threshold of p<.0167.”
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    Study design and conductcitation

    The false discovery rate was controlled at .05 using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure.

    “We controlled the false discovery rate at .05 using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure (Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995).”
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    • cites Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995 source

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    Premisenone given

    Many perspectives maintain a role for the dACC and AI in processing rejection-related affective distress.

    “many perspectives maintain a role for these regions in processing rejection-related affective distress.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Study design and conductown data

    No participants were excluded for exceeding an a priori threshold of more than 25% of marked motion volumes within a single run.

    “No participants were excluded for exceeding an a priori threshold of >25% of marked motion volumes within a single run.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Study design and conductown data

    One subject did not complete the Need-Threat Scale and was excluded from subsequent analyses with this scale.

    “One subject did not complete the NTS, and was excluded from subsequent analyses with this scale.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The inclusion run always preceded the exclusion run; Cyberball conditions were not counterbalanced due to concern about carryover of negative affect following exclusion.

    “The inclusion run always preceded the exclusion run; Cyberball conditions were not counterbalanced due to concern about carryover of negative affect following exclusion”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Because only one statistical test was needed to answer the question of whether Need-Threat Scale scores predict signal scaling to Increasing Exclusion in the functionally defined dACC ROI, multiple comparisons were not corrected.

    “Since only one statistical test was needed to answer this question, we do not correct for multiple comparisons.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    The trending negative association between age and VS responses to cumulative exclusion is consistent with age effects in the literature.

    “that is consistent with age effects in the literature.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    There were few incongruent throws in each context, and a particularly low number of inclusion throws in the exclusion context.

    “there were few incongruent throws in each context, and a particularly low number of inclusion throws in the exclusion context.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    These findings suggest that the dACC and posterior insula are both involved in processing over-inclusion.

    “These findings intriguingly suggest that the dACC and posterior insula are both involved in processing over-inclusion.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The average number of exclusionary throws contributing to measuring Increasing Exclusion was greater than Increasing Inclusion.

    “the average number of exclusionary throws contributing to measuring Increasing Exclusion was greater than Increasing Inclusion”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    These prior studies examine different age ranges than ours, and use less stringent thresholding methods for whole-brain analyses.

    “However, these studies examine different age ranges than ours, and use less stringent thresholding methods for whole-brain analyses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Inclusion and exclusion rounds were not counterbalanced.

    “inclusion and exclusion rounds were not counterbalanced.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The dACC and posterior insula exhibit signal increases with exclusion as well as decreases with over-inclusion.

    “(b) the dACC and posterior insula exhibit signal increases with exclusion as well as decreases with over-inclusion”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The literature widely employs block and event-related designs that model social experience assuming binary, static, and independent periods or occurrences.

    “In contrast, the literature widely employs block and event-related designs that model social experience assuming binary, static, and independent periods or occurrences.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Due to the comparison with exclusion, these signal patterns cannot be attributed to repeated social interactions in general and may be attributed to the affective or motoric experience of repeated inclusion in the paradigm.

    “Due to the comparison with exclusion, we suggest that these signal patterns cannot be attributed to repeated social interactions in general and may be attributed to the affective or motoric experience of repeated inclusion in our paradigm.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    There may be individual differences in affective distress related to being in the scanner environment or social interactions in general.

    “there may be individual differences in affective distress related to being in the scanner environment or social interactions in general.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prior meta-analyses have consistently implicated the anterior PFC in social exclusion, with recent work indicating that this region processes negative affect.

    “Prior meta-analyses have consistently implicated the anterior PFC in social exclusion (Cacioppo et al., 2013; Vijayakumar et al., 2017), with recent work indicating that this region processes negative affect (Kragel et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cacioppo et al., 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Vijayakumar et al., 2017 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Kragel et al., 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    It is possible that signal decreases with Increasing Inclusion reflect relatively more positive compared to negative affect.

    “It is also possible that signal decreases with Increasing Inclusion reflect relatively more positive compared to negative affect”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The findings are not fully consistent with the affective distress model, as this model does not predict signal decreases with over-inclusion.

    “our findings are not fully consistent with our affective distress model, as this model does not predict signal decreases with over-inclusion.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Only inclusion throws required participants to respond with a button press.

    “only inclusion throws required participants to respond with a button press”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The left ventrolateral PFC ROI encompasses Brodmann area 47 and is distinct from areas of the ventrolateral PFC associated with the regulation of negative affect and rule violation.

    “The left ventrolateral PFC ROI encompasses Brodmann area 47 and is distinct from areas of the ventrolateral PFC associated with the regulation of negative affect (Masten et al., 2009; Wager et al., 2008) and rule violation (Bolling et al., 2011b).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Masten et al., 2009 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Wager et al., 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Bolling et al., 2011b

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    For adolescents experiencing such distress, signal decreases with Increasing Inclusion may reflect an attenuation of distress with inclusion over time.

    “For adolescents experiencing such distress, signal decreases with Increasing Inclusion may reflect an attenuation of distress with inclusion over time”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    It is unlikely that the true modulation of neural signal driven by social interactions is linear, particularly as interactions become prolonged.

    “it is unlikely that the true modulation of neural signal driven by social interactions is linear, particularly as interactions become prolonged (i.e. as the number of events becomes large).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The most prominent alternate model of dACC and AI functioning emphasizes the role of these regions in processing expectancy violations.

    “The most prominent alternate model of dACC and AI functioning emphasizes the role of these regions in processing expectancy violations (Bush, Luu, & Posner, 2000).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bush, Luu, & Posner, 2000 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Other interpretations remain plausible, and the paradigm is unable to disentangle these competing explanations.

    “Other interpretations remain plausible (e.g., participant response demands also scale in opposite directions for cumulative exclusion and inclusion, with cumulative exclusion requiring fewer participant button responses), and our paradigm is unable to disentangle these competing explanations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    An additional strength is the use of independent ROIs identified via meta-analysis for being reliably recruited in Cyberball paradigms that use block and event-related designs.

    “An additional strength is the use of independent ROIs identified via meta-analysis for being reliably recruited in Cyberball paradigms (that use block and event-related designs).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Prior research identified age-related changes in medial and ventrolateral PFC, among other regions, during social exclusion as compared to fair play.

    “despite prior research identifying age-related changes in medial and ventrolateral PFC, among other regions, during social exclusion as compared to fair play (see Bolling et al., 2011a).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bolling et al., 2011a

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The authors prioritized maintaining a consistent affective experience overall, because experiencing over-inclusion after a period of exclusion reflects an affective experience that is distinct from the reverse.

    “We also prioritized maintaining a consistent affective experience overall, because experiencing over-inclusion after a period of exclusion reflects an affective experience that is distinct from the reverse.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The results provide a valuable estimate of linear signal scaling with a low yet affectively meaningful number of events, but do not elucidate the true shape of the trajectory.

    “Our results provide a valuable estimate of linear signal scaling with a low yet affectively meaningful (based on NTS responses) number of events, but do not elucidate the true shape of the trajectory”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Neural signal scaling with cumulative exclusionary and inclusionary events is linear over the range modeled.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A prior study implicated both the dACC and AI in social acceptance in addition to rejection, although these regions responded similarly to both conditions rather than in opposing directions.

    “A prior study implicated both the dACC and AI in social acceptance in addition to rejection (Dalgleish et al., 2017), although these regions responded similarly to both conditions, rather than in opposing directions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dalgleish et al., 2017 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisereasoning

    An expectancy violation model implies that signal would scale similarly to both exclusion and over-inclusion events, as both might similarly violate fair play expectations.

    “As both exclusion and over-inclusion might similarly violate fair play expectations, an expectancy violation model implies that signal would scale similarly to both types of events.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The VS is known for processing both rewarding and aversive stimuli, and increases in VS responses to social stimuli have been associated with reduced susceptibility to peer influences.

    “This region is known for processing both rewarding (Knutson et al., 2000; Sescousse et al., 2013) and aversive stimuli (Jensen et al., 2003; Levita et al., 2009), and increases in VS responses to social stimuli have been associated with reduced susceptibility to peer influences (Pfeifer et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Knutson et al., 2000 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Sescousse et al., 2013 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Pfeifer et al., 2011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Decreased signal with repeated stimulus presentation has been used as a tool for structure-function brain mapping, as it is thought that signal decreases reflect neuronal populations that represent and detect change in stimulus features.

    “Decreased signal with repeated stimulus presentation has been used as a tool for structure-function brain mapping, as it is thought that signal decreases reflect neuronal populations that represent and detect change in stimulus features”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Barron, Garvert, & Behrens, 2016

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Jenkins, Macrae, & Mitchell, 2008 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Lau & Cikara, 2017 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Watching one another's videos and gameplay prior to exclusion provided a plausible basis for computer players to shift toward a negative evaluation of the participant, and was found to be a critical component for the believability of the manipulation during pilot testing.

    “Watching one another’s videos and gameplay prior to exclusion provided a plausible basis for (computer) players to shift toward a negative evaluation of the participant, and was found to be a critical component for the believability of the manipulation during pilot testing.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The left ventrolateral PFC is primarily associated with language and semantic processing, and has also been implicated in processing others' intentions, social norm violations, and social punishments.

    “Instead, this region is primarily associated with language and semantic processing (Petrides, 2016; Ardila, Bernal, & Rosselli, 2017), and has also been implicated in processing others’ intentions (Brunet, Sarfati, Hardy-Baylé, & Decety, 2000), social norm violations (Berthoz, Armony, Blair, & Dolan, 2002) and social punishments (Spitzer, Fischbacher, Herrnberger, Grön, Fehr, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Petrides, 2016

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ardila, Bernal, & Rosselli, 2017 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Brunet, Sarfati, Hardy-Baylé, & Decety, 2000

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The results are compatible with the possibility that social inclusion attenuates baseline levels of affective distress while performing this task in the scanner environment.

    “our results are also compatible with the possibility that social inclusion attenuates baseline levels of affective distress while performing this task in the scanner environment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    A parametric approach may better capture changes in neural signal when gameplay is more fluid, reflecting naturalistic social interactions that often involve greater ambiguity than typical laboratory tasks.

    “A parametric approach may better capture changes in neural signal when gameplay is more fluid, reflecting naturalistic social interactions that often involve greater ambiguity than typical laboratory tasks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Some differences between conditions might also be attributed to consistently viewing participant introduction videos and YLG game play in between the social inclusion and exclusion runs.

    “Some differences between conditions might also be attributed to consistently viewing participant introduction videos and YLG game play in between the social inclusion and exclusion runs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The period during which participants would press the button was modeled as a regressor, but this may not have fully accounted for preparatory motor responses.

    “We modeled the period during which participants would press the button as a regressor (as in Bolling et al., 2011a; Bolling et al., 2011b; Bolling, Pelphrey, & Wyk, 2016), but this may not have fully accounted for preparatory motor responses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bolling et al., 2011a

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Bolling et al., 2011b

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Bolling, Pelphrey, & Wyk, 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The exclusion run took place at least ten minutes after the inclusion run, was the most recent run when participants were completing the scale, and participants report average levels of need-threat comparable to those in previous studies of exclusion, suggesting that the exclusion run was the reference point for most participants.

    “However, the exclusion run took place at least ten minutes after the inclusion run, was the most recent run when participants were completing the scale, and participants report average levels of need-threat comparable to those in previous studies of exclusion, suggesting that the exclusion run was the reference point for most participants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    While need-threat was assessed within 30 minutes of the end of the scan, retrospective reports of distress may be less reliable than immediate reports.

    “While need-threat was assessed within 30 minutes of the end of the scan, retrospective reports of distress may be less reliable than immediate reports.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The absence of need-threat assessment prior to the scan does not control for individual differences at baseline.

    “Additionally, the absence of need-threat assessment prior to the scan does not control for individual differences at baseline.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The left ventrolateral PFC and rostromedial PFC exhibited similar signal increases in both Increasing Exclusion and Increasing Inclusion, suggesting that these regions play a role in processing events across conditions.

    “The left ventrolateral PFC and rostromedial PFC exhibited similar signal increases in both Increasing Exclusion and Increasing Inclusion, suggesting that these regions play a role in processing events across conditions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    While dACC signal was associated with reported affective distress, areas within the dACC and insula scaled negatively with cumulative inclusion events and also responded to violations of short-term expectancies established by the context of each run.

    “While dACC signal was associated with reported affective distress, areas within the dACC and insula scaled negatively with cumulative inclusion events, and also responded to violations of short-term expectancies established by the context of each run.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
88 of 88

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Exclusion, but not over-inclusion, is associated with affective distress.

    “Based on the assumption that exclusion, but not over-inclusion, is associated with affective distress”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Both exclusion and over-inclusion similarly violate fairness expectations.

    “Based on the assumption that both exclusion and over-inclusion similarly violate fairness expectations”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Few human neuroimaging studies compare social exclusion to over-inclusion.

    “However, few human neuroimaging studies compare social exclusion to over-inclusion.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Neural signal scaling with cumulative exclusionary and inclusionary events is linear over the range modeled.

    “Our results provide a valuable estimate of linear signal scaling with a low yet affectively meaningful (based on NTS responses) number of events, but do not elucidate the true shape of the trajectory”
    “it is unlikely that the true modulation of neural signal driven by social interactions is linear, particularly as interactions become prolonged (i.e. as the number of events becomes large).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Participant reports on the Need Threat Scale reflect the affective distress of social exclusion.

    “we take the positive association between dACC responses to increasing exclusion and subjective reports of need-threat to confirm that such neural responses to exclusion are indeed related to the affective distress of exclusion.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Events that are incongruent with the context of a run constitute short-term expectancy violations.

    “We further explore short-term expectancy violations during Cyberball by examining the interaction between context and event type, which compares when events are congruent (i.e. inclusion throws in the inclusion round and exclusion throws in the exclusion round) versus incongruent (i.e. inclusion throws in the exclusion round and exclusion throws in the inclusion round).”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Some features of romantic and sexual relationships (e.g., poor quality relationships, breakups) are strongly associated with adolescent mental health outcomes, ranging from depressive symptoms, particularly in girls, to self-harm and suicide risk.

    “Some features of romantic and sexual relationships (e.g., poor quality relationships, breakups) are strongly associated with adolescent mental health outcomes.(113) This ranges from depressive symptoms, particularly in girls,(109,114) to self-harm and suicide risk.(115–117)”

    From Puberty Initiates Cascading Relationships Between Neurodevelopmental, Social, and Internalizing Processes Across Adolescence (2021) · cites this paper as [115]

Statistics that don’t add up

Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.

  • Inconsistent p-value: t(68)=3.02, p = .003

    Minor

    The paper reports p = .003 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .004 (two-tailed). The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.

    Reported p = .003 · recomputed p = .004

1 of 1

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Doesn’t add upt(68) = 3.02reported p = .003 · recomputed p = .004

    “t(68)=3.02, p = .003”

  • Consistentt(68) = 2.97reported p = .004 · recomputed p = .004

    “t(68)=2.97, p = .004”

  • Consistentt(68) = -2.06reported p = .043 · recomputed p = .043

    “t(68)=−2.06, p = .043”

  • Consistentt(66) = 1.83reported p = .072 · recomputed p = .072

    “t(66)=1.83, p = .072”

  • Consistentt(63) = 2.51reported p = .0146 · recomputed p = .015

    “t(63)=2.51, p = .0146”

  • Consistentt(67) = -1.99reported p = .05 · recomputed p = .051

    “t(67)=−1.99, p = .050”

  • Consistentt(63) = -1.8reported p = .077 · recomputed p = .077

    “t(63)= − 1.80, p = .077”

7 of 7

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 67 · Cited by 29

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Smith, J. (2011). MRIConvert. Eugene, OR: The Lewis Center for Neuroimaging, University of Oregon.

Authors
Cheng, T. W., Vijayakumar, N., Flournoy, J. C., Op de Macks, Z., Peake, S. J., Flannery, J. E., Mobasser, A., Alberti, S. L., Fisher, P. A., & Pfeifer, J. H.
Affiliations
  • University of Oregon (US)
  • Deakin University (AU)
  • Harvard University (US)
  • Oregon Health & Science University (US)
Corresponding author
Pfeifer, Jennifer H.
ORCID
Venue
Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2020-02-13
Volume
20
Issue
2
Pages
340-355
ISSN
  • 1530-7026 (ISSN-L)
  • 1531-135X
DOI
10.3758/s13415-020-00772-x
PMC
PMC7338003
OpenAlex
W3006621569
Semantic Scholar
32a861a1cb92446f54dbb625b4a9925de2a0866b
Cited by
29
References
67
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2018: 1
FWCI
3.55
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (P50 DA035763)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH107418)
  • National Institutes of Health (TL1TR002371)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Keywords
social exclusion, overinclusion, adolescents, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, Cyberball paradigm, social belonging, rejection, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, intraparietal sulcus, neural adaptation
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Brain, Brain Mapping, Child, Cognition Disorders, Emotions, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Rejection, Psychology, Psychological Distance, Social Isolation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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