When inclusion costs and ostracism pays, ostracism still hurts.
Abstract
Recent research indicates that ostracism is painful even in the face of mitigating circumstances. However, in all previous experiments, there have been no costs to inclusion or benefits for ostracism. If being included meant losing money and being ostracized meant retaining money, would individuals still be distressed when ostracized? In 2 studies, the authors attempted to "load the dice" against inclusion in favor of ostracism. Participants played a variant of Cyberball called euroyberball (pronounced Euroball), in which ostracism and inclusion were crossed with whether the participants earned or lost money for each ball toss they received. In 2 experiments, the authors found that even when being ostracized meant retaining more money than the other players, it was painful. In Study 2, the authors also introduced conditions in which participants were overincluded. In these conditions, participants were sensitive to financial incentives. However, even then participants felt worse when given no positive attention than when given punitive attention.
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After being excluded in Cyberball, children, adolescents and adults consistently report heightened distress in the form of higher negative mood and decreased satisfaction of the need to belong, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence.
“After being ostensibly excluded by two peers in Cyberball, children, adolescents and adults consistently report heightened levels of distress in the form of higher levels of negative mood (e.g., sadness and anger) and a decreased satisfaction of the need to belong, the need for control, self-esteem, and the need for a meaningful existence”
From Chronic Childhood Peer Rejection is Associated with Heightened Neural Responses to Social Exclusion During Adolescence (2016) · cites this paper as van Beest and Williams 2006
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- Authors
- van Beest, I., & Williams, K. D.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2006-11
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 918-928
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1981647801
- Cited by
- 567
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 18.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- ostracism, social exclusion, financial incentives, EUROBALL, Cyberball, overinclusion, positive attention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Analysis of Variance, Female, Games, Experimental, Humans, Male, Peer Group, Personal Satisfaction, Rejection, Psychology, Reward, Social Desirability, Social Isolation, Stress, Psychological, Students, Behavioral Research
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