Cited by 66Alzheimer's disease research and treatmentsDementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchS100 Proteins and Annexins

The visinin-like proteins VILIP-1 and VILIP-3 in Alzheimer’s disease—old wine in new bottles

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Braunewell, Karl H.·2012·Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience

Abstract

The neuronal Ca(2+)-sensor (NCS) proteins VILIP-1 and VILIP-3 have been implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) show association of genetic variants of VILIP-1 (VSNL1) and VILIP-3 (HPCAL1) with AD+P (+psychosis) and late onset AD (LOAD), respectively. In AD brains the expression of VILIP-1 and VILIP-3 protein and mRNA is down-regulated in cortical and limbic areas. In the hippocampus, for instance, reduced VILIP-1 mRNA levels correlate with the content of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and amyloid plaques, the pathological characteristics of AD, and with the mini mental state exam (MMSE), a test for cognitive impairment. More recently, VILIP-1 was evaluated as a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker and a prognostic marker for cognitive decline in AD. In CSF increased VILIP-1 levels correlate with levels of Aβ, tau, ApoE4, and reduced MMSE scores. These findings tie in with previous results showing that VILIP-1 is involved in pathological mechanisms of altered Ca(2+)-homeostasis leading to neuronal loss. In PC12 cells, depending on co-expression with the neuroprotective Ca(2+)-buffer calbindin D28K, VILIP-1 enhanced tau phosphorylation and cell death. On the other hand, VILIP-1 affects processes, such as cyclic nucleotide signaling and dendritic growth, as well as nicotinergic modulation of neuronal network activity, both of which regulate synaptic plasticity and cognition. Similar to VILIP-1, its interaction partner α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is severely reduced in AD, causing severe cognitive deficits. Comparatively little is known about VILIP-3, but its interaction with cytochrome b5, which is part of an antioxidative system impaired in AD, hint toward a role in neuroprotection. A current hypothesis is that the reduced expression of visinin-like protein (VSNLs) in AD is caused by selective vulnerability of subpopulations of neurons, leading to the death of these VILIP-1-expressing neurons, explaining its increased CSF levels. While the Ca(2+)-sensor appears to be a good biomarker for the detrimental effects of Aβ in AD, its early, possibly Aβ-induced, down-regulation of expression may additionally attenuate neuronal signal pathways regulating the functions of dendrites and neuroplasticity, and as a consequence, this may contribute to cognitive decline in early AD.

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  1. Mahloogi H. Gonzalez-Guerrico A. M. De Cicco R. L. Bassi D. E. Goodrow T. Braunewell K. H. Klein-Szanto A. J. P. (2003). Graduate decrease of VILIP-1 Expression during mouse skin tumor progression and its role in regulating tumor cell invasive behavior. Cancer Res. 63, 4997– 5004 12941826

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Authors
Braunewell, K. H.
Affiliations
Southern Research Institute (US)
Corresponding author
Braunewell, Karl H.
Venue
Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
Published
2012
Volume
5
Pages
20-20
ISSN
1662-5099 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2055775727
Cited by
66
References
139
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
FWCI
2.79
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc
Locations
  • Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SPP1226)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › S100 Proteins and Annexins
Keywords
VILIP-1, Alzheimer's disease, neuronal calcium sensor, calcium homeostasis, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, cognitive decline, neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, tau phosphorylation, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, calbindin-D28k, cytochrome b5, neuroprotection, late-onset Alzheimer's disease, psychosis, hippocampus, synaptic plasticity, neuronal vulnerability

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