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Neurexins and their ligands at inhibitory synapses

Boxer, Emma E., Aoto, Jason·2022·Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience
DOI 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.1087238PMC PMC9812575
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Abstract

Since the discovery of neurexins (Nrxns) as essential and evolutionarily conserved synaptic adhesion molecules, focus has largely centered on their functional contributions to glutamatergic synapses. Recently, significant advances to our understanding of neurexin function at GABAergic synapses have revealed that neurexins can play pleiotropic roles in regulating inhibitory synapse maintenance and function in a brain-region and synapse-specific manner. GABAergic neurons are incredibly diverse, exhibiting distinct synaptic properties, sites of innervation, neuromodulation, and plasticity. Different classes of GABAergic neurons often express distinct repertoires of Nrxn isoforms that exhibit differential alternative exon usage. Further, Nrxn ligands can be differentially expressed and can display synapse-specific localization patterns, which may contribute to the formation of a complex trans-synaptic molecular code that establishes the properties of inhibitory synapse function and properties of local circuitry. In this review, we will discuss how Nrxns and their ligands sculpt synaptic inhibition in a brain-region, cell-type and synapse-specific manner.

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FIGURE 1 Neurexin structure. Nrxns are encoded from three genes (Nrxns 1–3). α-Nrxns (1–3) contain 6 LNS domains, 3 EGF-like-repeats, and up to 6 sites of alternative splicing. β-Nrxns (1–3) contain LNS6 and splice sites 4 and 5. γ-Nrxn (Nrxn1 only) is highly truncated. Reproduced with permission from Boxer et al. (2021).
FIGURE 1 Neurexin structure. Nrxns are encoded from three genes (Nrxns 1–3). α-Nrxns (1–3) contain 6 LNS domains, 3 EGF-like-repeats, and up to 6 sites of alternative splicing. β-Nrxns (1–3) contain LNS6 and splice sites 4 and 5. γ-Nrxn (Nrxn1 only) is highly truncated. Reproduced with permission from Boxer et al. (2021).CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 2 Inhibitory interneuron connectivity. Simplified diagram of the prominent forebrain inhibitory interneuron types discussed in this review and their connectivity with a post-synaptic glutamatergic neuron.
FIGURE 2 Inhibitory interneuron connectivity. Simplified diagram of the prominent forebrain inhibitory interneuron types discussed in this review and their connectivity with a post-synaptic glutamatergic neuron.CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 3 Presynaptic neurexins and their binding partners at a GABAergic synapse. Not representative of any particular type of inhibitory synapse. See Table 2 for details about binding requirements.
FIGURE 3 Presynaptic neurexins and their binding partners at a GABAergic synapse. Not representative of any particular type of inhibitory synapse. See Table 2 for details about binding requirements.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Cited by

See all 43

Metadata

Authors
Boxer, E. E., & Aoto, J.
Venue
Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2022-12-21
Volume
14
ISSN
1663-3563
DOI
10.3389/fnsyn.2022.1087238
PMC
PMC9812575
Cited by
43
References
18
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
  • National Institute of Mental Health
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.