Qualitative assessment of patients’ attitudes and expectations toward BCIs and implications for future technology development
Open accessAbstract
Brain-computer-interfaces (BCIs) are important for the next generation of neuro-prosthesis innovations. Only few pilot projects have tested patients' abilities to control BCIs as well as their satisfaction with the offered technologies. On the one hand, little is known about patients' moral attitudes toward the benefit-risk-ratio of BCIs as well as their needs, priorities, and expectations. On the other hand, ethics experts intensively discuss the general risks of BCIs as well as the limits of neuro-enhancement. To our knowledge, we present here the first qualitative interview study with ten chronic patients matching the potential user categories for motor and communication BCIs to assess their practical and moral attitudes toward this technology. The interviews reveal practical and moral attitudes toward motor BCIs that can impact future technology development. We discuss our empirical findings on patients' perspectives and compare them to neuroscientists' and ethicists' perspectives. Our analysis indicates only partial overlap between the potential users' and the experts' assessments of BCI-technology. It points out the importance of considering the needs and desires of the targeted patient group. Based on our findings, we suggest a multi-fold approach to the development of clinical BCIs, rooted in the participatory technology-development. We conclude that clinical BCI development needs to be explored in a disease-related and culturally sensitive way.
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Involving appropriate end users in all stages of the design process may ultimately improve the effectiveness and accessibility of the technology as well as user satisfaction.
“Involving appropriate end users in all stages of the design process may ultimately improve the effectiveness and accessibility of the technology as well as user satisfaction (Schicktanz et al., 2015).”
From Towards a <i>Smart Bionic Eye</i> : AI-powered artificial vision for the treatment of incurable blindness (2022) · cites this paper as Schicktanz et al., 2015
The Conclusion (page not provided) advocates involving affected users in exploration, prioritization, and prototyping, and says user-centered design matters for BCI success and acceptance. It also suggests participatory development may be more efficient. It does not specifically establish improved accessibility or user satisfaction, so those outcomes go beyond what the paper says. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Binkley, C. E., Politz, M. S., & Green, B. P. (2021) · The AMA Journal of Ethic · doi:10.1001/amajethics.2021.745 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Immobilis in mobili: performing arts, BCI, and locked-in syndrome
Aparicio, A. (2015) · Brain-Computer Interfaces · doi:10.1080/2326263x.2015.1100366 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Research Progress in Responsible Innovation of Brain-Computer Interface
Chen, L., & Wang, D. (2019) · JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING STUDIES · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1224.2019.00390 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Neurosurgery and the Brain-Computer Interface
Rosenfeld, J. V. (2024) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-64892-2_32 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Modern Approaches to Augmenting the Brain Functions
Opriș, I. C., Noga, B. R., Lebedev, M., & Casanova, M. F. (2021) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54564-2_4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Power of Thoughts: A Qualitative Interview Study with Healthy Users of Brain-Computer Interfaces
Schmid, J. R., & Jox, R. J. (2021) · Advances in neuroethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64590-8_9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Moral Characteristics Underpinning Concerns for Brain-Computer Interfaces: A Cross-Cultural Study
Iijima, K., Oguchi, M., Sato, K., Nakazawa, E., & Ota, K. (2025) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-025-09610-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Digital tools and self-administered home blood tests: A convergent mixed methods pilot study
Hebib, L., Hedov, E. G., Storgärds, M., af Geijerstam, P., Löf, M., Wu, J. H. Y., Kastbom, L., & Rådholm, K. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076251365063 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fritzell, K., Brandberg, H., Spaak, J., Koch, S., Sundberg, C. J., Zakim, D., Kahan, T., & Sundberg, K. K. (2025) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/65568 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exploring disparities in self-reported knowledge about neurotechnology
Sattler, S., Mehlkop, G., Neuhaus, A., Wexler, A., & Reiner, P. B. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-00460-1
Consent in flux: when brain‑computer interface embodiment undermines informed consent
Zhao, Y., & Lin, Y. (2026) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-026-01540-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
In the Midst of Uncertainty: Neuroinnovation at the Edge of Consciousness
Dresser, L. P., & Lazaridis, C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_8
Fritzell, K., Brandberg, H., Spaak, J., Koch, S., Sundberg, C. J., Zakim, D., Kahan, T., & Sundberg, K. K. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.65568
Raduica, F., Simion, I., Enache, I., Valter, N., & Naddeo, A. (2024) · Machines · doi:10.3390/machines12120889
MotiVE BCI: motivation models including valence and expectancy in brain–computer interface use
Kleih, S. C. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1681683
- Authors
- Schicktanz, S., Amelung, T., & Rieger, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (DE)
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Schicktanz, Silke
- Venue
- Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2015-04-27
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 64-64
- ISSN
- 1662-5137 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4410612
- OpenAlex
- W2063882256
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 1.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Keywords
- brain-computer interface, patient attitudes, patient expectations, neuroprosthetics, chronic disease patients, risk-benefit assessment, cognitive enhancement, participatory technology development, user-centered design
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