Cognitive and Physiologic Impacts of the Infraslow Oscillation
Open accessAbstract
Brain states are traditionally recognized via sleep-wake cycles, but modern neuroscience is beginning to identify many sub-states within these larger arousal types. Multiple lines of converging evidence now point to the infraslow oscillation (ISO) as a mediator of brain sub-states, with impacts ranging from the creation of resting state networks (RSNs) in awake subjects to interruptions in neural activity during sleep. This review will explore first the basic characteristics of the ISO in human subjects before reviewing findings in sleep and in animals. Networks of consistently correlated brain regions known as RSNs seen in human functional neuroimaging studies oscillate together at infraslow frequencies. The infraslow rhythm subdivides nonREM in a manner that may correlate with plasticity. The mechanism of this oscillation may be found in the thalamus and may ultimately come from glial cells. Finally, I review the functional impacts of ISOs on brain phenomena ranging from higher frequency oscillations, to brain networks, to information representation and cognitive performance. ISOs represent a relatively understudied phenomenon with wide effects on the brain and behavior.
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Electrophysiological infraslow fluctuations are putatively engendered by a combination of neuronal and glial currents.
“Putatively engendered by a combination of neuronal and glial currents [63, 68, 71–76], eISFs have been shown in both cortical [65, 66, 77] and subcortical [76, 78–82] tissues”
From Infraslow closed-loop brain training for anxiety and depression (ISAD): a protocol for a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot trial in adult females with internalizing disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [76]
The Mechanisms of the Infraslow Oscillation section proposes that glial events may affect thalamic neurons and infraslow LFP activity. It does not establish that the electrophysiological fluctuations are generated by a combination of neuronal and glial currents; indeed, it suggests the recorded LFP may not arise from summed thalamic neuronal activity. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.80)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredElectrophysiological infraslow fluctuations have been shown in both cortical and subcortical tissues.
“eISFs have been shown in both cortical [65, 66, 77] and subcortical [76, 78–82] tissues”
Infraslow brain activity (<0.1 Hz) has been linked to cognitive fluctuations, but these studies were largely correlational and could not identify a specific cellular origin.
“While infraslow brain activity (<0.1 Hz) has been linked to cognitive fluctuations, these studies were largely correlational and could not identify a specific cellular origin.”
From Infraslow histaminergic dynamics govern priming states to gate moment-to-moment memory accessibility (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
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- Levenstein D. Buzsaki G. Rinzel J. (2018). Excitable dynamics of NREM sleep: a unifying model for neocortex and hippocampus. bioRxiv 10.1101/312587 PMC6554409 31171779 · DOI
- Schieber J. P. Muzet A. Ferriere P. J. (1971). Les phases d’activation transitoire spontanees au cours du sommeil normal chez l’homme. Arch. Sci. Physiol. 25, 443– 465. 4345798
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sleep spindles: mechanisms and functions
Fernandez, L. M. J., & Lüthi, A. (2020) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00042.2018 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Noradrenergic circuit control of non-REM sleep substates
Osorio-Forero, A., Cardis, R., Vantomme, G., Guillaume-Gentil, A., Katsioudi, G., Devenoges, C., Fernandez, L. M. J., & Lüthi, A. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.041 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Neural and Homeostatic Regulation of REM Sleep
Park, S.-H., & Weber, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01662 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Coupling of gamma band activity to sleep spindle oscillations - a combined EEG/MEG study
Weber, F. D., Supp, G. G., Klinzing, J. G., Mölle, M., Engel, A. K., & Born, J. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117452 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Perez, T. M., Glue, P., Adhia, D. B., Navid, M. S., Zeng, J., Dillingham, P., Smith, M., Niazi, I. K., Young, C. K., & De Ridder, D. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06863-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Infraslow histaminergic dynamics govern priming states to gate moment-to-moment memory accessibility
Morishita, Y., Takamura, Y., Nishimura, K., Yokoi, Y., Ishihama, Y., Idutsu, R., Ono, M., Matsumoto, R., Hitora-Imamura, N., Minami, M., et al. (2026) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2026.05.019
- Authors
- Watson, B. O.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Watson, Brendon O.
- ORCID
- Watson, Brendon O.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-10-16
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 44-44
- ISSN
- 1662-5137 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6198276
- OpenAlex
- W2895999528
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 0.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Brain and Behavior Research Foundation (22789)
- National Institutes of Health (MH107662)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- resting-state networks, sleep, NREM sleep, thalamus, glial cells, neuroplasticity, brain networks, information representation, cognitive performance, neural oscillations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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