An industrialized diet as a determinant of methylation in the 1F region of the NR3C1 gene promoter
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Background: Dietary composition can modify gene expression, favoring the development of chronic diseases via epigenetic mechanisms. Objective: Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary patterns and NR3C1 gene methylation in users of the Brazilian Public Unified Health System (SUS). Methods: We recruited 250 adult volunteers and evaluated their socioeconomic status, psychosocial characteristics, lifestyle, and anthropometrics. Peripheral blood was collected and evaluated for cortisol levels, glycemia, lipid profile, and insulin resistance; methylation of CpGs 40–47 of the 1F region of the NR3C1 gene was also measured. Factors associated with degree of methylation were evaluated using generalized linear models (p < 0.05). Lifestyle variables and health variables were included as confounding factors. Results: The findings of our cross-sectional study indicated an association between NR3C1 DNA methylation and intake of processed foods. We also observed relevant associations of average NR3C1 DNA across the segment analyzed, methylation in component 1 (40–43), and methylation in component 2 (44–47) with a pattern of consumption of industrialized products in relation to BMI, serum cortisol levels, and lipid profile. These results may indicate a relationship between methylation and metabolic changes related to the stress response. Conclusion: These findings suggest an association of methylation and metabolic alterations with stress response. In addition, the present study highlights the significant role of diet quality as a stress-inducing factor that influences NR3C1 methylation. This relationship is further linked to changes in psychosocial factors, lifestyle choices, and cardiometabolic variables, including glucose levels, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia.
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Prevention and treatment approaches tend to span multiple levels, including trauma-focused therapy, attachment and relationship-based interventions, and broader strategies that support regulation through sleep, stress management, and health behaviors.
“Prevention and treatment approaches therefore tend to span multiple levels, including trauma-focused therapy, attachment and relationship-based interventions, and broader strategies that support regulation through sleep, stress management, and health behaviors (19, 125–135).”
From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [129]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredConsumption of industrialized foods such as sausages, sugary drinks, and chocolate-based products has been associated with increased NR3C1 methylation.
“In this context, dietary patterns may also play a role, including the consumption of industrialized foods such as sausages, sugary drinks, and chocolate-based products, which have been associated with increased NR3C1 methylation (129).”
From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [129]
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Houshialsadat, Z., Viscardi, G., Rossi, A., Ayoub‐Charette, S., Chaar, D. E., McKay, B. M., Symington, A. M., Kavanagh, M. E., Erlich, M. N., de Souza, R. J., et al. (2026) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.126.049902
- Authors
- Vieira, T. D. S., Freitas, F. V., Silva Neto, L. C. B., Borçoi, A. R., Mendes, S. O., Olinda, A. S., Moreno, I. A. A., Quaioto, B. R., de Souza, M. L. M., Barbosa, W. M., Arpini, J. K., Sorroche, B. P., de Assis Pinheiro, J., Archanjo, A. B., dos Santos, J. G., Arantes, L. M. R. B., de Oliveira, D. R., & da Silva, A. M. A.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (BR)
- Hospital de Câncer de Barretos (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Vieira, Tamires dos Santos
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Nutrition
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2024-04-03
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 1168715-1168715
- ISSN
- 2296-861X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11021719
- OpenAlex
- W4393866901
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3
- FWCI
- 0.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (05/2015, 10/2013)
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (65883616/2014)
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo (05/2015, 65883616/2014)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- NR3C1 gene, glucocorticoid receptor, DNA methylation, industrialized diet, processed foods, dietary habits, epigenetics, cortisol, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, body mass index, stress response, cardiometabolic risk
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