Mangiferin Improves Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Mainly Through Its Metabolite-Norathyriol by Modulating SIRT-1/AMPK/SREBP-1c Signaling
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Objective: Mangiferin (MGF) is a natural xanthone, with regulation effect on lipid metabolism. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. We purposed after oral administration, MGF is converted to its active metabolite(s), which contributes to the effects on lipid metabolism. Methods: KK-Ay mice were used to validate the effects of MGF on lipid metabolic disorders. liver biochemical indices and gene expressions were determined. MGF metabolites were isolated from MGF administrated rat urine. Mechanism studies were carried out using HepG2 cells treated by MGF and its metabolite with or without inhibitors or small interfering RNA. Western blot and immunoprecipitation methods were used to determine the lipid metabolism related gene expression. AMP/ATP ratios were measured by HPLC. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation were identified by homogeneous time resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assays. Results: MGF significantly decreased liver triglyceride and free fatty acid levels, increased sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1) and AMPK phosphorylation in KK-Ay mice. HTRF studies indicated that MGF and its metabolites were not direct AMPK activators. Norathyriol, one of MGF's metabolite, possess stronger regulating effect on hepatic lipid metabolism than MGF. The mechanism was mediated by activation of SIRT-1, liver kinase B1, and increasing the intracellular AMP level and AMP/ATP ratio, followed by AMPK phosphorylation, lead to increased phosphorylation level of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c. Conclusion: These results provided new insight into the molecular mechanisms of MGF in protecting against hepatic lipid metabolic disorders via regulating SIRT-1/AMPK pathway. Norathyriol showed potential therapeutic in treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Several frequently cited mechanisms (NF-κB or MMP-9 modulation, G2/M arrest, AMPK activation) are highly context dependent and inconsistently replicated.
“Notably, the results vary across cell lines and animal strains, and several mechanisms that are frequently cited (for example, NF-κB or MMP-9 modulation, G2/M arrest and AMPK activation) appear to be highly context dependent, with inconsistent replication under different stimuli or dosing conditions (4,13,117,124,186,187).”
From Mangiferin in human disease: Multifaceted mechanisms and applications (Review) (2026) · cites this paper as [187]
The Results and Discussion report that mangiferin increased AMPK phosphorylation in mouse liver, but that mangiferin and its metabolites were not direct AMPK activators; the Discussion also reports that norathyriol failed to induce AMPK phosphorylation after LKB1 knockdown. This supports a dependence on upstream signaling in the conditions studied, not the broader claim of inconsistent replication across cell lines, animal strains, stimuli, or doses. The cited passages do not address NF-κB, MMP-9, or G2/M arrest. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredResults vary across cell lines and animal strains.
“Notably, the results vary across cell lines and animal strains, and several mechanisms that are frequently cited (for example, NF-κB or MMP-9 modulation, G2/M arrest and AMPK activation) appear to be highly context dependent, with inconsistent replication under different stimuli or dosing conditions (4,13,117,124,186,187).”
From Mangiferin in human disease: Multifaceted mechanisms and applications (Review) (2026) · cites this paper as [187]
The Materials and Methods (In Vivo Studies; page unavailable) use KK-Ay mice for mangiferin treatment and C57BL/6 mice as normal controls; the Results describe experiments in HepG2 cells. These passages do not compare treatment results across cell lines or animal strains. A search for context-dependent results and inconsistent replication found no passage establishing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Li, J., Liu, M., Yu, H., Wang, W., Han, L., Chen, Q., Ruan, J., Wen, S., Zhang, Y., & Wang, T.
- Affiliations
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (CN)
- Houston Methodist (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Yi
- Wang, Tao
- Venue
- Frontiers in Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-03-07
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 201-201
- ISSN
- 1663-9812 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5850072
- OpenAlex
- W2789724853
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 14.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Pharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81673703, 81173524)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Mangiferin and Mango Extracts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Natural Antidiabetic Agents Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- mangiferin, norathyriol, hepatic lipid metabolism, SIRT1, AMPK, SREBP-1c, LKB1, AMP/ATP ratio, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, KK-Ay mice, hepatic triglycerides, free fatty acids
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