Extracting instantaneous respiratory rate from multiple photoplethysmogram respiratory-induced variations
Open accessAbstract
In this study, we proposed a novel method for extracting the instantaneous respiratory rate (IRR) from the pulse oximeter photoplethysmogram (PPG). The method was performed in three main steps: (1) a time-frequency transform called synchrosqueezing transform (SST) was used to extract the respiratory-induced intensity, amplitude and frequency variation signals from PPG, (2) the second SST was applied to each extracted respiratory-induced variation signal to estimate the corresponding IRR, and (3) the proposed peak-conditioned fusion method then combined the IRR estimates to calculate the final IRR. We validated the implemented method with capnography and nasal/oral airflow as the reference RR using the limits of agreement (LOA) approach. Compared to simple fusion and single respiratory-induced variation estimations, peak-conditioned fusion shows better performance. It provided a bias of 0.28 bpm with the 95% LOAs ranging from -3.62 to 4.17, validated against capnography and a bias of 0.04 bpm with the 95% LOAs ranging from -5.74 to 5.82, validated against nasal/oral airflow. This algorithm would expand the functionality of a conventional pulse oximetry beyond the measurement of heart rate and oxygen saturation to measure the respiratory rate continuously and instantly.
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RIFV induces a phase shift between each cycle by elongating or squeezing each wave.
“RIFV induces a phase shift between each cycle by elongating or squeezing each wave.”
From Sources of inaccuracy in photoplethysmography for continuous cardiovascular monitoring (2021) · cites this paper as [115]
RIIV modulates the DC baseline of the PPG curve superimposing the wave on top of a low frequency sinusoid.
“RIIV modulates the DC baseline of the PPG curve superimposing the wave on top of a low frequency sinusoid.”
From Sources of inaccuracy in photoplethysmography for continuous cardiovascular monitoring (2021) · cites this paper as [115]
Dehkordi et al. and Addison et al. identified three significant variations to the PPG signal by respiratory rate: respiratory-induced intensity variation (RIIV), respiratory-induced amplitude variation (RIAV), and respiratory induced frequency variation (RIFV).
“Dehkordi et al. and Addison et al. identified the three significant variations to the PPG signal by respiratory rate after analyzing PPG from 139 healthy adults (67–18 years old) and the Capnobase dataset [115,121]. These variations are respiratory-induced intensity variation (RIIV), respiratory-induced amplitude variation (RIAV), and respiratory induced frequency variation (RIFV), as shown in FIG”
From Sources of inaccuracy in photoplethysmography for continuous cardiovascular monitoring (2021) · cites this paper as [115]
RIAV causes significant changes in each peak amplitude.
“RIAV causes significant changes in each peak amplitude.”
From Sources of inaccuracy in photoplethysmography for continuous cardiovascular monitoring (2021) · cites this paper as [115]
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- Authors
- Dehkordi, P., Garde, A., Molavi, B., Ansermino, J. M., & Dumont, G. A.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- University of Twente (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Dehkordi, Parastoo
- Venue
- Frontiers in Physiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-07-18
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 948-948
- ISSN
- 1664-042X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6058306
- OpenAlex
- W2810701344
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 2.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Physiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (CRDPJ 434659-12)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › ECG Monitoring and Analysis
- Keywords
- photoplethysmogram, pulse oximetry, synchrosqueezing transform, time-frequency analysis, capnography, nasal airflow
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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