CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 229Children's Physical and Motor DevelopmentChild and Animal Learning DevelopmentAction Observation and Synchronization

The role of locomotion in psychological development

Open access
Anderson, David I., Campos, Joseph J., Witherington, David C., Dahl, Audun, Rivera, Monica, He, Minxuan, Uchiyama, Ichiro, Barbu-Roth, Marianne·2013·Frontiers in Psychology
DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00440PMC PMC3719016
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The psychological revolution that follows the onset of independent locomotion in the latter half of the infant's first year provides one of the best illustrations of the intimate connection between action and psychological processes. In this paper, we document some of the dramatic changes in perception-action coupling, spatial cognition, memory, and social and emotional development that follow the acquisition of independent locomotion. We highlight the range of converging research operations that have been used to examine the relation between locomotor experience and psychological development, and we describe recent attempts to uncover the processes that underlie this relation. Finally, we address three important questions about the relation that have received scant attention in the research literature. These questions include: (1) What changes in the brain occur when infants acquire experience with locomotion? (2) What role does locomotion play in the maintenance of psychological function? (3) What implications do motor disabilities have for psychological development? Seeking the answers to these questions can provide rich insights into the relation between action and psychological processes and the general processes that underlie human development.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00440

Cites

12 of 12 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Without embodiment, the development of spatial cognition may be impaired.

    “without which the development of spatial cognition may be impaired (Foreman et al., 1990; Anderson et al., 2013).”

    From Does Spatial Cognition Emerge in Frontier Models? (2024) · cites this paper as Anderson et al., 2013

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 110

  1. Abercrombie M. L. J. (1964). Perceptual and Visuomotor Disorders in Cerebral Palsy: a Review of the Literature. London: Spastics Society/Heinemann
  2. Abercrombie M. L. J. (1968). Some notes of spatial disability: movement intelligence quotient and attentiveness. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 10, 206– 213 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1968.tb02869.x 5653083 · DOI
  3. Acredolo L. P. (1978). Development of spatial orientation in infancy. Dev. Psychol. 14, 224– 234 10.1037/0012-1649.14.3.224 · DOI
  4. Acredolo L. P. Adams A. Goodwyn S. W. (1984). The role of self-produced movement and visual tracking in infant spatial orientation. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 38, 312– 327 10.1016/0022-0965(84)90128-0 6491598 · DOI
  5. Adolph K. E. (1997). Learning in the development of infant locomotion. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child. 62, i; iii; v; 1–162. 9394468
  6. Adolph K. E. (2005). Learning to learn in the development of action, in Action as an Organizer of Perception and Cognition during Learning and Development: Minnesota Symposium on Child Development, Vol. 33, eds Lockman J. Reiser J. Nelson C. A. (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum), 91– 122
  7. Adolph K. E. Vereijken B. Denny M. A. (1998). Learning to crawl. Child Dev. 69, 1299– 1312 10.2307/1132267 9839417 · DOI
  8. Allen J. W. P. Bickhard M. H. (2013). Stepping off the pendulum: why only an action-based approach can transcend the nativist–empiricist debate. Cognit. Dev. 28, 96– 133 10.1016/j.cogdev.2013.01.002 · DOI
  9. Anderson D. I. Campos J. J. Rivera M. Dahl A. Uchiyama I. Barbu-Roth M. (2013). The consequences of independent locomotion for brain and psychological development, in Cerebral Palsy in Infancy and Early Childhood, ed Shepherd R. C. (Amsterdam: Elsevier), 199– 223
  10. Anderson-Hanley C. Arciero P. J. Brickman A. M. Nimon J. P. Okuma N. Westen S. C. (2012). Exergaming and older adult cognition: a cluster randomized clinical trial. Am. J. Prev. Med. 42, 109– 119 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.10.016 22261206 · DOI · Paper page
  11. Bai D. L. Bertenthal B. I. (1992). Locomotor status and the development of spatial search skills. Child Dev. 63, 215– 226 10.2307/1130914 1551326 · DOI
  12. Bell M. A. Fox N. A. (1996). Crawling experience is related to changes in cortical organization during infancy: evidence from EEG coherence. Dev. Psychobiol. 29, 551– 561 8911771
  13. Bell M. A. Fox N. A. (1997). Individual differences in object permanence performance at 8 months: locomotor experience and brain electrical activity. Dev. Psychobiol. 31, 287– 297 9413676
  14. Bertenthal B. I. Campos J. J. (1990). A systems approach to the organizing effects of self-produced locomotion during infancy, in Advances in Infancy Research, Vol. 6, eds Rovee-Collier C. Lipsitt L. (Norwood, NJ: Ablex), 1– 60
  15. Black J. Isaacs K. Anderson B. Alcantara A. Greenough W. (1990). Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 5568– 5572 10.1073/pnas.87.14.5568 1695380 PMC54366 · DOI · Paper page
  16. Bowlby J. (1973). Attachment and Loss Vol. 2: Separation. New York, NY: Basic Books
  17. Brandt T. Arnold F. Bles W. Kapteyn T. S. (1980). The mechanism of physiological height vertigo. I. Theoretical approach and psychophysics. Acta Otolaryngol. 89, 513– 523 10.3109/00016488009127169 6969515 · DOI
  18. Bremner J. G. (1978). Egocentric versus allocentric spatial coding in 9-month-old infants: factors influencing the choice of code. Dev. Psychol. 14, 346– 355 10.1037/0012-1649.14.4.346 · DOI
  19. Bremner J. G. (1985). Object tracking and search in infancy: a review of data and a theoretical evaluation. Dev. Rev. 5, 371– 396 10.1016/0273-2297(85)90018-8 · DOI
  20. Bremner J. G. Bryant P. E. (1977). Place versus response as the basis of spatial errors made by young infants. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 23, 162– 171 10.1016/0022-0965(77)90082-0 839157 · DOI
  21. Campos J. J. Anderson D. I. Barbu-Roth M. A. Hubbard E. M. Hertenstein M. J. Witherington D. (2000). Travel broadens the mind. Infancy 1, 149– 219 10.1207/S15327078IN0102_1 32680291 · DOI
  22. Campos J. J. Bertenthal B. I. Kermoian R. (1992). Early experience and emotional development: the emergence of wariness of heights. Psychol. Sci. 3, 61– 64 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00259.x · DOI
  23. Campos J. J. Hiatt S. Ramsay D. Henderson C. Svejda M. (1978). The emergence of fear on the visual cliff, in The Origins of Affect, eds Lewis M. Rosenblum L. (New York, NY: Plenum Press), 149– 182
  24. Campos J. J. Witherington D. C. Anderson D. I. Frankel C. Uchiyama I. Barbu-Roth M. A. (2008). Rediscovering development in infancy. Child Dev. 79, 1625– 1632 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01212.x 19037936 · DOI
  25. Cedervall Y. Kilander L. Aberg A. C. (2012). Declining physical capacity but maintained aerobic activity in early Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen. 27, 180– 187 10.1177/1533317512442996 22573284 PMC10845600 · DOI
  26. Chaddock L. Erickson K. I. Prakash R. S. Kim J. S. Voss M. W. Vanpatter M. (2010). Neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children. Brain Res. 1358, 172– 183 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.049 20735996 PMC3953557 · DOI · Paper page
  27. Dahl A. Campos J. J. Anderson D. I. Uchiyama I. Witherington D. C. Ueno M. (2013). The epigenesis of wariness of heights. Psychol. Sci. [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1177/0956797613476047 23722981 PMC4374659 · DOI
  28. Diamond A. (1990). The development and neural bases of memory functions as indexed by the AB and delayed responses tasks in human infants and infant monkeys, in The Development and Neural Bases of Higher Cognitive Functions, ed Diamond A. (New York, NY: The New York Academy of Science), 267– 309 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb48900.x 2127511 · DOI
  29. Diamond A. (2000). Close interrelation of motor development and cognitive development and of the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex. Child Dev. 71, 44– 56 10.1111/1467-8624.00117 10836557 · DOI
  30. Diamond A. Cruttenden L. Neiderman D. (1994). AB with multiple wells: 1. Why are multiple wells sometimes easier than two wells? 2. Memory or memory + inhibition? Dev. Psychol. 30, 192– 205 10.1037/0012-1649.30.2.192 · DOI
  31. Einspieler C. Prayer D. Prechtl H. F. R. (2012). Fetal Behaviour: A Neurodevelopmental Approach. London: Mac Keith Press
  32. Erickson K. I. Miller D. L. Weinstein A. M. Akl S. L. Banducci S. E. (2012). Physical activity and brain plasticity in late adulthood: a conceptual review. Ageing Res. 3, 34– 47 10.4081/ar.2012.e6 · DOI
  33. Erickson K. I. Voss M. W. Prakash R. S. Basak C. Szabo A. Chaddock L. (2011). Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 3017– 3022 10.1073/pnas.1015950108 21282661 PMC3041121 · DOI · Paper page
  34. Ferchmin P. A. Bennett E. L. Rosenzweig M. R. (1975). Direct contact with enriched environment is required to alter cerebral weight in rats. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 88, 360– 367 10.1037/h0076175 1120811 · DOI
  35. Foreman N. Foreman D. Cummings A. Owens S. (1990). Locomotion active choice and spatial memory in children. J. Gen. Psychol. 117, 354– 355 10.1080/00221309.1990.9921139 2366054 · DOI
  36. Foreman N. Orencas C. Nicholas E. Morton P. (1989). Spatial awareness in seven to 11 year old physical handicapped children in mainstream schools. Eur. J. Spec. Needs Educ. 4, 171– 179 10.1080/0885625890040302 · DOI
  37. Franz E. A. (2012). The allocation of attention to learning of goal-directed actions: a cognitive neuroscience framework focusing on the basal ganglia. Front. Psychol. 3: 535 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00535 23267335 PMC3527823 · DOI
  38. Freedland R. L. Bertenthal B. I. (1994). Developmental changes in interlimb coordination: transition to hands and knees crawling. Psychol. Sci. 5, 26– 32 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00609.x · DOI
  39. Frijda N. H. (1986). The Emotions. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press
  40. Gibson E. J. (1988). Exploratory behavior in the development of perceiving, acting, and the acquiring of knowledge. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 39, 1– 41 10.1146/annurev.ps.39.020188.000245 · DOI
  41. Gibson E. J. Walk R. D. (1960). The “Visual Cliff”. Sci. Am. 202, 67– 71 10.1038/scientificamerican0460-64 13827949 · DOI
  42. Gottlieb G. (1991). Experiential canalization of behavioral development: theory. Dev. Psychol. 27, 4– 13 10.1037/0012-1649.27.1.4 · DOI
  43. Gottlieb G. (2007). Probabilistic epigenesis. Dev. Sci. 10, 1– 11 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00556.x 17181692 · DOI
  44. Gottlieb G. Wahlsten D. Lickliter R. (2006). The significance of biology for human development: a developmental psychobiological systems view, in Theoretical Models of Human Development. Volume 1 of Handbook of Child Psychology, 6th Edn., ed Lerner R. M. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley), 210– 257
  45. Greenough W. T. Black J. E. (1992). Induction of brain structure by experience: substrates for cognitive development, in Developmental Behavioral Neuroscience (Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, Vol. 24, eds Gunnar M. R. Nelson C. A. (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum), 155– 200
  46. Haith M. Benson J. (1998). Infant cognition, in Handbook of Child Psychology: Cognition, Perception and Language. Vol. 2, eds Damon W. Kuhn D. Siegler R. (New York, NY: John Wiley), 199– 254
  47. Haith M. Campos J. J. (1977). Human infancy. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 28, 252– 293 10.1146/annurev.ps.28.020177.001343 324378 · DOI
  48. Hall C. B. Lipton R. B. Sliwinski M. Stewart W. F. (2000). A change point model for estimating the onset of cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Statist. Med. 19, 1555– 66 10844718
  49. Harlow H. F. (1949). The formation of learning sets. Psychol. Rev. 56, 51– 65 10.1037/h0062474 18124807 · DOI · Paper page
  50. Harris M. A. Wiener J. M. Wolbers T. (2012). Aging specifically impairs switching to an allocentric navigational strategy. Front. Aging Neurosci. 4: 29 10.3389/fnagi.2012.00029 23125833 PMC3485570 · DOI
  51. Hebb D. O. (1949). Organization of Behavior. New York, NY: Wiley
  52. Herbert J. Gross J. Hayne H. (2007). Crawling is associated with more flexible memory retrieval by 9-month-old infants. Dev. Sci. 10, 183– 189 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00548.x 17286842 · DOI
  53. Hiatt S. Campos J. Emde R. (1979). Facial patterning and infant emotional expression: happiness, surprise, and fear. Child Dev. 50, 1020– 1035 535426
  54. Higgins C. I. Campos J. J. Kermoian R. (1996). Effect of self-produced locomotion on infant postural compensation to optic flow. Dev. Psychol. 32, 836– 841 10.1037/0012-1649.32.5.836 · DOI
  55. Hubel D. H. Wiesel T. N. (1963). Receptive fields of cells in striate cortex of very young, visually inexperienced kittens. J. Neurophysiol. 26, 994– 1002 14084171
  56. Jandó G. Mikó-Baráth E. Markó K. Hollódy K. BélaTörök B. Kovacs I. (2012). Early-onset binocularity in preterm infants reveals experience-dependent visual development in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 11049– 11052 22711824 PMC3390849
  57. Johnson M. H. Karmiloff-Smith A. (2004). Neuroscience perspectives on infant development, in Theories of Infant Development, eds Bremner G. Slater A. (Oxford: Blackwell), 121– 144 10.1002/9780470752180.ch5 · DOI · Paper page
  58. Kagan J. (2008). In defense of qualitative changes in development. Child Dev. 79, 1606– 1624 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01211.x 19037935 · DOI
  59. Kagan J. Kearsley R. B. Zelazo P. R. (1978). Infancy: Its Place in Human Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
  60. Karbach J. Schubert T. (2013). Training-induced cognitive and neural plasticity. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7: 48 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00048 23437015 PMC3579194 · DOI
  61. Karni A. Meyer G. Rey-Hipolito C. Jezzard P. Adams M. M. Turner R. (1998). The acquisition of skilled motor performance: fast and slow experience-driven changes in primary motor cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 861– 868 10.1073/pnas.95.3.861 9448252 PMC33809 · DOI
  62. Katz L. C. Crowley J. C. (2002). Development of cortical circuits: lessons from ocular dominance columns. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3, 34– 42 10.1038/nrn703 11823803 · DOI
  63. Katz L. C. Shatz C. J. (1996). Synaptic activity and the construction of cortical circuits. Science 274, 1133– 1138 10.1126/science.274.5290.1133 8895456 · DOI · Paper page
  64. Kermoian R. Campos J. J. (1988). A facilitator of spatial cognitive development. Child Dev. 59, 908– 917 10.2307/1130258 3168629 · DOI
  65. Kershner J. R. (1974). Relationship of motor development to visual-spatial cognitive growth. J. Spec. Educ. 8, 91– 102 10.1177/002246697400800114 · DOI
  66. Kleim J. A. Barbay S. Nudo R. J. (1998). Functional reorganization of the rat motor cortex following motor skill learning. J. Neurophysiol. 80, 3321– 3325 9862925
  67. Konishi K. Bohbot V. D. (2013). Spatial navigational strategies correlate with gray matter in the hippocampus of healthy older adults tested in a virtual maze. Front. Aging Neurosci. 5: 1 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00001 23430962 PMC3576603 · DOI
  68. Kramer A. F. Erickson K. I. (2007). Capitalizing on cortical plasticity: influence of physical activity on cognition and brain function. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11, 342– 348 10.1016/j.tics.2007.06.009 17629545 · DOI · Paper page
  69. Lee D. N. Aronson E. (1974). Visual proprioceptive control of standing in human infants. Percept. Psychophys. 15, 529– 532 10.3758/BF03199297 · DOI
  70. Lynch A. Ji-Chul R. Sunil A. James G. C. (2009). Power mobility training for a 7-month-old infant with Spina Bifida. Pediatr. Phys. Ther. 21, 362– 368 10.1097/PEP.0b013e3181bfae4c 19923977 · DOI
  71. Maguire E. A. Woollett K. Spiers H. J. (2006). London taxi drivers and bus drivers: a structural MRI and neuropsychological analysis. Hippocampus 16, 1091– 101 10.1002/hipo.20233 17024677 · DOI · Paper page
  72. Mareschal D. Johnson M. H. Sirois S. Spratling M. W. Thomas M. S. C. Westermann G. (2007). Neuroconstructivism: How the Brain Constructs Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529910.001.0001 18578929 · DOI
  73. Markham J. Greenough W. T. (2004). Experience-driven brain plasticity: beyond the synapse. Neuron Glia. Biol. 1, 351– 363 10.1017/s1740925x05000219 16921405 PMC1550735 · DOI · Paper page
  74. Mumme D. Fernald A. Herrera C. (1996). Infants' responses to facial and vocal emotional signals in a social referencing paradigm. Child Dev. 67, 3219– 3237 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01910.x 9071778 · DOI
  75. Nedelska Z. Andel R. Laczó J. Vlcek K. Horinek D. Lisy J. (2012). Spatial navigation impairment is proportional to right hippocampal volume. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 2590– 2594 10.1073/pnas.1121588109 22308496 PMC3289383 · DOI
  76. Nithianantharajah J. Hannan A. J. (2009). The neurobiology of brain and cognitive reserve: Mental and physical activity as modulators of brain disorders. Prog. Neurobiol. 89, 369– 382 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.10.001 19819293 · DOI
  77. O'Leary D. D. M. (1989). Do cortical areas emerge from a protocortex? Trends Neurosci. 12, 400– 406 2479138
  78. Pallas S. L. (2005). Pre- and postnatal sensory experience shapes functional architecture in the brain, in Advances in Infancy Research, Volume 14, Chapter 1, Prenatal Development of Postnatal Functions. eds Hopkins B. Johnson S. P. (Westport, CT: Praeger), 1– 30
  79. Pavlova M. Sokolov A. Krägeloh-Mann I. (2007). Visual navigation in adolescents with early periventricular lesions: knowing where, but not getting there. Cereb. Cortex 17, 363– 369 10.1093/cercor/bhj153 16525128 · DOI
  80. Piaget J. (1952). The Origins of Intelligence in Children. New York, NY: International Universities Press 10.1037/11494-000 · DOI · Paper page
  81. Piaget J. (1954). The Construction of Reality in the Child. New York, NY: Basic Books 10.1037/11168-000 · DOI · Paper page
  82. Ragonesi C. B. Chen X. Agrawal S. Galloway J. C. (2010). Power mobility and socialization in preschool: a case study of a child with cerebral palsy. Pediatr. Phys. Ther. 22, 322– 329 10.1097/PEP.0b013e3181eab240 20699785 · DOI
  83. Rivera M. (2012). Spatial Cognition in Infants with Myelomeningocele: Transition from Immobility to Mobility. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, San Francisco, CA ProQuest, UMI Dissertations and Theses. Publication Number: 3553864.
  84. Seidler R. D. (2010). Neural correlates of motor learning, transfer of learning, and learning to learn. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 38, 3– 9 20016293 PMC2796204
  85. Simenov P. I. Hsiao H. (2001). Height, surface firmness, and visual reference effects on balance control. Inj. Prev. 7 Suppl. 1, i50– i53 10.1136/ip.7.suppl_1.i50 11565972 PMC1765406 · DOI
  86. Simms B. (1987). The route learning ability of young people with spina bifida and hydrocephalus and their able-bodied peers. Z. Kinderchir. 42 Suppl. 1, 53– 56 3324543
  87. Sommerville J. A. Woodward A. L. (2010). The link between action production and processing in infancy, in Naturalizing Intention in Action, eds Grammont F. Legrand D. Livet P. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 67– 89
  88. Spelke E. S. Kinzler K. D. (2009). Innateness, learning, and rationality. Child Dev. Perspect. 3, 96– 98 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00085.x 19768132 PMC2746564 · DOI
  89. Spelke E. S. Newport E. L. (1998). Nativism, empiricism, and the development of knowledge, in Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 1. Theoretical Models of Human Development, eds Damon W. Lerner R. M. (New York, NY: Wiley), 275– 340
  90. Spencer J. P. Blumberg B. M. McMurray B. Robinson S. R. Samuelson L. K. Tomblin J. B. (2009). Short arms and talking eggs: why we should no longer abide the nativist-empiricist debate. Child Dev. Perspect. 3, 79– 87 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00081.x 19784383 PMC2750899 · DOI
  91. Stanton D. Wilson P. N. Foreman N. (2002). Effects of early mobility on shortcut performance in a simulated maze. Behav. Brain Res. 136, 61– 66 10.1016/S0166-4328(02)00097-9 12385790 · DOI
  92. Stoffregen T. A. (1985). Flow structure versus retinal location in the optical control of stance. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. 11, 554– 565 10.1037/0096-1523.11.5.554 2932530 · DOI
  93. Thelen E. Schöner G. Scheier C. Smith L. B. (2001). The dynamics of embodiment: a field theory of infant perseverative reaching. Behav. Brain Sci. 24, 1– 86 10.1017/S0140525X01003910 11515285 · DOI
  94. Thelen E. Smith L. B. (1994). A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
  95. Thomas A. G. Dennis A. Bandettini P. A. Johansen-Berg H. (2012). The effects of aerobic activity on brain structure. Front. Psychol. 3: 86 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00086 22470361 PMC3311131 · DOI · Paper page
  96. Timney B. (1988). The development of depth perception, in Advances in Neural and Behavioral Development, Vol. 3, ed. Shinkman P. G. (Norwood, NJ: Ablex), 153– 208
  97. Topál J. Gergely G. Miklósi A. Erdöhegyi A. Csibra G. (2008). Infants' perseverative search errors are induced by pragmatic misinterpretation. Science 321: 5897, 1831– 1834 10.1126/science.1161437 18818358 · DOI
  98. Uchiyama I. Anderson D. I. Campos J. J. Witherington D. Frankel C. B. Lejeune L. (2008). Locomotor experience affects self and emotion. Dev. Psychol. 44, 1225– 1231 10.1037/a0013224 18793056 PMC4067245 · DOI
  99. Ueno M. Uchiyama I. Campos J. J. Dahl A. Anderson D. I. (2012). The organization of wariness of heights in experienced crawlers. Infancy 17, 376– 392 PMC4014313 24817830
  100. Vazquez-Sanroman D. Sanchis-Segura C. Toledo R. Hernandez M. E. Manzo J. Miquel M. (2013). The effects of enriched environment on BDNF expression in the mouse cerebellum depending on the length of exposure. Behav. Brain Res. 243, 118– 128 23295397
  101. Verghese J. Lipton R. B. Hall C. B. Kuslansky G. Katz M. J. Buschke H. (2002). Abnormality of gait as a predictor of non-Alzheimer's dementia. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 1761– 1768 10.1056/NEJMoa020441 12456852 · DOI
  102. Verghese J. Wang C. Lipton R. B. Holtzer R. Xue X. (2007). Quantitative gait dysfunction and risk of cognitive decline and dementia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 78, 929– 935 10.1136/jnnp.2006.106914 17237140 PMC1995159 · DOI
  103. Walk R. D. (1966). The development of depth perception in animals and human infants. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child 31, 82– 108 10.2307/1165648 4960432 · DOI
  104. Walters C. P. (1980). Development of the visual placing response in the human infant. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 32, 313– 329 10.1016/0022-0965(81)90083-720053067 · DOI
  105. Westermann G. Mareschal D. Johnson M. H. Sirois S. Spratling M. W. Thomas M. S. C. (2007). Neuroconstructivism. Dev. Sci. 10, 75– 83 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00567.x 17181703 · DOI
  106. Wiedenbauer G. Jansen-Osmann P. (2006). Spatial knowledge of children with spina bifida in a virtual large-scale space. Brain Cogn. 62, 120– 127 10.1016/j.bandc.2006.04.003 16757075 · DOI
  107. Witherington D. C. (2007). The dynamic systems approach as metatheory for developmental psychology. Hum. Dev. 50, 127– 153 10.1159/00010094322125575 · DOI
  108. Witherington D. C. (2011). Taking emergence seriously: the centrality of circular causality for dynamic systems approaches to development. Hum. Dev. 54, 66– 92 10.1159/000326814 · DOI
  109. Yan J. H. Thomas J. R. Downing J. H. (1998). Locomotion improves children's spatial search: a meta-analytic review. Percept. Motor Skill 87, 67– 82 10.2466/pms.1998.87.1.67 9760628 · DOI
  110. Zatorre R. J. Fields R. D. Johansen-Berg H. (2012). Plasticity in gray and white: neuroimaging changes in brain structure during learning. Nat. Neurosci. 15, 528– 536 10.1038/nn.3045 22426254 PMC3660656 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Anderson, D. I., Campos, J. J., Witherington, D. C., Dahl, A., Rivera, M., He, M., Uchiyama, I., & Barbu-Roth, M.
Affiliations
  • San Francisco State University (US)
  • University of California, Berkeley (US)
  • University of New Mexico (US)
  • Doshisha University (JP)
Corresponding author
Anderson, David I.
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2013
Volume
4
Pages
440-440
ISSN
1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00440
PMC
PMC3719016
OpenAlex
W2154633605
Cited by
229
References
12
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
FWCI
15.85
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (0002001, 0958241)
  • John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
  • National Institutes of Health
  • Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University
  • Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (25066, 25285188, 22330191)
  • National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities
  • Center for Advanced Study, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
  • National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (P20 MD00262, P20MD000262)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32HD007323, R01HD039925)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
Keywords
locomotion, infant development, perception-action coupling, spatial cognition, memory development, social-emotional development, motor impairment, first year of life

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review