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Approach, avoidance, and affect: a meta-analysis of approach-avoidance tendencies in manual reaction time tasks

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Phaf, R. Hans, Mohr, SÃ¶ren E., Rotteveel, Mark, Wicherts, Jelte M.·2014·Frontiers in Psychology

DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00378PMC PMC4021119

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Abstract

Approach action tendencies toward positive stimuli and avoidance tendencies from negative stimuli are widely seen to foster survival. Many studies have shown that approach and avoidance arm movements are facilitated by positive and negative affect, respectively. There is considerable debate whether positively and negatively valenced stimuli prime approach and avoidance movements directly (i.e., immediate, unintentional, implicit, automatic, and stimulus-based), or indirectly (i.e., after conscious or non-conscious interpretation of the situation). The direction and size of these effects were often found to depend on the instructions referring to the stimulus object or the self, and on explicit vs. implicit stimulus evaluation. We present a meta-analysis of 29 studies included for their use of strongly positive and negative stimuli, with 81 effect sizes derived solely from the means and standard deviations (combined N = 1538), to examine the automaticity of the link between affective information processing and approach and avoidance, and to test whether it depends on instruction, type of approach-avoidance task, and stimulus type. Results show a significant small to medium-sized effect after correction for publication bias. The strongest arguments for an indirect link between affect and approach-avoidance were the absence of evidence for an effect with implicit evaluation, and the opposite directions of the effect with self and object-related interpretations. The link appears to be influenced by conscious or non-conscious intentions to deal with affective stimuli.

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Figure 1 Funnel plot for studies concerning Positive Affect, with treatment effects on the x-axis and the standard error on the y-axis. Closed circles are original data, open circles represent filled-in data based on the trim-and-fill method. Dotted lines represent 95% confidence interval around the mean.CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 2 Funnel plot for studies concerning Negative Affect, with treatment effects on the x-axis and the standard error on the y-axis. Closed circles are original data, open circles represent filled-in data based on the trim-and-fill method. Dotted lines represent 95% confidence interval around the mean.CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 3 Funnel plot for studies concerning both affects combined, with treatment effects on the x-axis and the standard error on the y-axis. Closed circles are original data, open circles represent filled-in data based on the trim-and-fill method. Dotted lines represent 95% confidence interval around the mean.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors: Phaf, R. H., Mohr, S. E., Rotteveel, M., & Wicherts, J. M.
Affiliations: University of Amsterdam (NL)
Tilburg University (NL)
Corresponding author: Phaf, R. Hans
ORCID: Phaf, R. Hans
Rotteveel, Mark
Wicherts, Jelte M.
Venue: Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2014-05-08
Volume: 5
Pages: 378-378
ISSN: 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00378
PMC: PMC4021119
OpenAlex: W2092608429
Cited by: 326
References: 80
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 2
FWCI: 1.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Research portal (Tilburg University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: approach-avoidance tendencies, emotional valence, positive and negative stimuli, manual reaction time, implicit evaluation, explicit evaluation, automaticity, affective priming

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Approach, avoidance, and affect: a meta-analysis of approach-avoidance tendencies in manual reaction time tasks

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