Brain mechanisms of short-term habituation and sensitization toward dyspnea
Open accessAbstract
Dyspnea is a prevalent and threatening cardinal symptom in many diseases including asthma. Whether patients suffering from dyspnea show habituation or sensitization toward repeated experiences of dyspnea is relevant for both quality of life and treatment success. Understanding the mechanisms, including the underlying brain activation patterns, that determine the dynamics of dyspnea perception seems crucial for the improvement of treatment and rehabilitation. Toward this aim, we investigated the interplay between short-term changes of dyspnea perception and changes of related brain activation. Healthy individuals underwent repeated blocks of resistive load induced dyspnea with parallel acquisition of functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Late vs. early ratings on dyspnea intensity and unpleasantness were correlated with late vs. early brain activation for both, dyspnea anticipation and dyspnea perception. Individual trait and state anxiety were determined using questionnaire data. Our results indicate an involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), midbrain/periaqueductal gray (PAG) and anterior insular cortex in habituation/sensitization toward dyspnea. Changes in the anterior insular cortex were particularly linked to changes in dyspnea unpleasantness. Changes of both dyspnea intensity and unpleasantness were positively correlated with state and trait anxiety. Our findings are in line with the suggested relationship between the anterior insular cortex and dyspnea unpleasantness. They further support the notion that habituation/sensitization toward dyspnea is influenced by anxiety. Our study extends the known role of the midbrain/PAG in anti-nociception to an additional involvement in habituation/sensitization toward dyspnea and suggests an interplay with the OFC.
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Respiratory symptoms can be triggered by conditional learning, and individuals with elevated anxiety levels may have a particular tendency for this type of associative learning.
“Other experimental studies have shown that respiratory symptoms can be triggered due to conditional learning, and that individuals with elevated anxiety levels may have a particular tendency for this type of associative learning (Stoeckel et al., 2015, Stoeckel et al., 2016).”
From Targeting excessive avoidance behavior to reduce anxiety related to asthma: A feasibility study of an exposure-based treatment delivered online (2021) · cites this paper as Stoeckel et al., 2015
The Introduction (page not supplied) says learning can modulate the perception of dyspnea, and the Results > Personality Traits section reports that higher anxiety was associated with greater sensitization to repeated dyspnea. Neither passage establishes that conditioning triggers respiratory symptoms or that anxious individuals are more prone to associative learning; the study examined habituation and sensitization, not conditioning. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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- Authors
- Stoeckel, M. C., Esser, R. W., Gamer, M., Büchel, C., & von Leupoldt, A.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2015-06-02
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 748-748
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4451234
- OpenAlex
- W1621130312
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG LE 1843/9‐2, LE 1843/9‐2)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Respiratory and Cough-Related Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Keywords
- dyspnea, habituation, sensitization, dyspnea perception, anterior insula, orbitofrontal cortex, periaqueductal gray, midbrain, anxiety, resistive load, asthma, brain activation
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