Cited by 259Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionReligion, Spirituality, and Psychology

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The effect of loving-kindness meditation on positive emotions: a meta-analytic review

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Zeng, Xianglong, Chiu, Cleo P. K., Wang, Rong, Oei, Tian P. S., Leung, Freedom Y. K.·2015·Frontiers in Psychology

DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01693PMC PMC4630307

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Abstract

While it has been suggested that loving-kindness meditation (LKM) is an effective practice for promoting positive emotions, the empirical evidence in the literature remains unclear. Here, we provide a systematic review of 24 empirical studies (N = 1759) on LKM with self-reported positive emotions. The effect of LKM on positive emotions was estimated with meta-analysis, and the influence of variations across LKM interventions was further explored with subgroup analysis and meta-regression. The meta-analysis showed that (1) medium effect sizes for LKM interventions on daily positive emotions in both wait-list controlled RCTs and non-RCT studies; and (2) small to large effect sizes for the on-going practice of LKM on immediate positive emotions across different comparisons. Further analysis showed that (1) interventions focused on loving-kindness had medium effect size, but interventions focused on compassion showed small effect sizes; (2) the length of interventions and the time spent on meditation did not influence the effect sizes, but the studies without didactic components in interventions had small effect sizes. A few individual studies reported that the nature of positive emotions and individual differences also influenced the results. In sum, LKM practice and interventions are effective in enhancing positive emotions, but more studies are needed to identify the active components of the interventions, to compare different psychological operations, and to explore the applicability in clinical populations.

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Authors: Zeng, X., Chiu, C. P. K., Wang, R., Oei, T. P. S., & Leung, F. Y. K.
Affiliations: Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
Nanjing Forestry University (CN)
The University of Queensland (AU)
Corresponding author: Zeng, Xianglong
ORCID: Zeng, Xianglong
Oei, Tian P. S.
Venue: Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2015-11-03
Volume: 6
Pages: 1693-1693
ISSN: 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01693
PMC: PMC4630307
OpenAlex: W2213657943
Cited by: 258
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 4
FWCI: 1.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ResearchOnline at James Cook University (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: James Cook University
Nanjing University
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Keywords: loving-kindness meditation, positive emotions, compassion-focused interventions, meditation intervention, intervention components, individual differences, mindfulness-based interventions

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The effect of loving-kindness meditation on positive emotions: a meta-analytic review

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