Worry and Metacognitions as Predictors of Anxiety Symptoms: A Prospective Study
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Both worry and metacognitive beliefs have been found to be related to the development of anxiety, but metacognitive theory (Matthews & Wells, 1994; Wells, 2009) suggest that metacognitive beliefs may play a more prominent role. The aim of the present prospective study was to examine whether worry, metacognitive beliefs or the interaction between worry and metacognitive beliefs, were the best predictor of anxiety over time, utilizing a longitudinal, prospective study design. An undergraduate student sample (N = 190) was assessed on measures of worry (PSWQ), metacognitive beliefs (MCQ-30) and anxiety (BAI) at three points in time over a 7-month period. A mixed-model analysis revealed that both worry and metacognitive beliefs predicted development of anxiety, independently of each other, with no indication of an interaction-effect (PSWQ * MCQ-30). Further analyses of the MCQ-30 subscales indicated that negative metacognitive beliefs may be particularly important in the development of anxiety. While gender was correlated with worry, gender predicted anxiety beyond the effect of worry. Taken together, the results imply that both worry and metacognitive beliefs play a prominent role for the development of anxiety.
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Findings in mental health settings demonstrate that metacognitive beliefs are associated with anxiety and depression and that negative metacognitive beliefs of uncontrollability and danger show the strongest and most reliable relationships with these symptoms.
“The results of the review mirror findings in mental health settings, which demonstrate that metacognitive beliefs are associated with anxiety and depression [29, 70–77] and that negative metacognitive beliefs of uncontrollability and danger show the strongest and most reliable relationships with these symptoms [29].”
From Metacognitive beliefs and their relationship with anxiety and depression in physical illnesses: A systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [75]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTendency to chain catastrophic thoughts in an unproductive and repetitive way intensifies anxiety and hampers the solution-finding process.
“Tendency to chain catastrophic thoughts in an unproductive and repetitive way intensifies anxiety and hampers the solution-finding process (Hong, 2007; McLaughlin et al., 2007; Ryum et al., 2017).”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty and Tendency to Worry as Mediators Between Trust in Institutions and Social Support and Fear of Coronavirus and Consequences of the Pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Ryum et al., 2017
The Discussion (page not provided) reports that higher worry predicted more pronounced anxiety and describes worry as a potentially counterproductive coping strategy. The Introduction (page not provided) links perseverative thinking with anxiety. Neither passage establishes that such thinking hampers finding solutions; the paper also cautions that worry itself is not necessarily pathological. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Samadifard, H. R., Narimani, M., Aghajani, S., & Basharpoor, S. (2021) · Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.32598/shenakht.8.2.61 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Metacognition in Individuals Aging with Traumatic Brain InjuryPreprint
Grossner, E. C., Brenner, E. K., Bernier, R. A., Rabinowitz, A. R., & Hillary, F. G. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/967zj · Cited by 1 · see citing works
عوامـــــل مـا وراء المعرفــة وعلاقتها بالقلــق لدى طــلاب الجامعــة
حسن, م. ا. ع. ا., سعفان, م. أ. إ., & محمـــد, ف. ا. م. ز. (2019) · دراسات تربوية ونفسية مجلة کلية التربية بالزقازيق · doi:10.21608/sec.2019.85066
Positive Relationships Mediate the Bidirectional Connections Between Depression and Anxiety SymptomsPreprint
Barber, K. E., Tong, Y. A., & Newman, M. G. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gjqn8
Kurnaz, S., & Durmaz, O. (2024) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.13077 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tankut, Ü., Çatan, H. M., & Demirci, H. (2024) · Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.57127/kpd.26024438.1325242
Salud mental de niños y cuidadores y factores asociados durante la pandemia de COVID-19
Nóblega, M., Bartra, R., Conde, G., Castro, M. G., del Prado, J. N., Uchuya, D., & Retiz, O. (2024) · Revista de Psicología · doi:10.18800/psico.202402.004
Ávila-Toscano, J. H., Delgado, L. V., Rueda, Y. A. B., Arrieta, L., & Guerrero, J. A. (2024) · Anuario de Psicología/The UB Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1344/anpsic2024.54.2.3
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The role of perseverative cognition and heart rate variability in high trait anxiety
Forte, G., Arianna, L., Troisi, G., Favieri, F., Tambelli, R., & Casagrande, M. (2025) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2025.113286
Arda, D. U., & Yılmaz, A. E. (2025) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1621073 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gentes, E. L., & Bonchonsky, J. (2026) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-026-10743-0
Gálvez‐Lara, M., Flores-Hens, M., Aguilera‐Martín, Á., Dueñas, C. P., Jurado-González, F. J., Moriana, J. A., & Corpas, J. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-026-10178-5
- Authors
- Ryum, T., Kennair, L. E. O., Hjemdal, O., Hagen, R., Halvorsen, J. Ø., & Solem, S.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- St Olav's University Hospital (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Ryum, Truls
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2017-05-31
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 924-924
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5450809
- OpenAlex
- W2618252174
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 10.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Keywords
- worry, metacognitive beliefs, anxiety symptoms, metacognitive theory, gender differences, anxiety development, university students
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