Worry and rumination: Differential associations with anxious and depressive symptoms and coping behavior

Hong, Ryan Y.

doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.03.006

Cited by 357Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Research TopicsPsychological Treatments and Assessments

Worry and rumination: Differential associations with anxious and depressive symptoms and coping behavior

Hong, Ryan Y.·2007·Behaviour Research and Therapy

DOI 10.1016/j.brat.2006.03.006

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Abstract

Worry and rumination are closely allied cognitive processes that impact on the experience of anxious and depressive symptoms. Using a prospective design, this study examined overlapping and distinct features of worry and rumination in relation to symptoms and coping behavior in a nonclinical sample of Singaporean college students. Worry and rumination were highly correlated, but they retained distinct components that predicted anxious and depressive symptoms differentially within and across time. Specifically, worry was uniquely associated with anxious and depressive symptoms whereas rumination was uniquely related to depression. In comparison to rumination, worry emerged as the dominant cognitive vulnerability factor that predicted increments in symptoms over time. With regards to coping behavior, low perceived coping effectiveness partially mediated the relation between worry and increases in anxiety and depression. Conversely, rumination uniquely predicted higher disengagement from problems, which resulted in further exacerbation of depressive mood. These results demonstrated not only the distinct features of worry and rumination on coping behavior, but also the different coping pathways by which they differentially impact on subsequent symptoms.

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Maladaptive strategies such as Catastrophising, Rumination, and Suppression have been correlated with mental health disorders including depression, anxiety disorders, PTSD, and eating disorders.
“In general, the use of maladaptive strategies, such as, but not limited to, Catastrophising, Rumination, and Suppression, has been correlated with mental health disorders, such as depression [9,12,13], anxiety disorders [14,15], PTSD [16,17], eating disorders [18,19], etc.”
From Cognitive Coping Strategies among Inpatient Adolescents with Depression and Psychiatric Comorbidity (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
Immediate emotions avoided by focusing on worry, such as fear, are often perceived as more unpleasant than worry.
“Although worry is unpleasant, the immediate emotions that are avoided by focusing on worry, such as fear, are often perceived as more unpleasant [20,21].”
From Clinical Efficacy and Psychological Mechanisms of an App-Based Digital Therapeutic for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
Tendency to chain catastrophic thoughts in an unproductive and repetitive way intensifies anxiety and hampers the solution-finding process.
“Tendency to chain catastrophic thoughts in an unproductive and repetitive way intensifies anxiety and hampers the solution-finding process (Hong, 2007; McLaughlin et al., 2007; Ryum et al., 2017).”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty and Tendency to Worry as Mediators Between Trust in Institutions and Social Support and Fear of Coronavirus and Consequences of the Pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Hong, 2007

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Hummel, K. V., Trautmann, S., Venz, J., Thomas, S., & Schäfer, J. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00696-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Macrynikola, N., Goklani, S., Slotnick, J., & Miranda, R. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2017.02.013 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
When Being Discrepant From One’s Ideal or Ought Selves Hurts: The Moderating Role of Neuroticism
Hong, R. Y., Triyono, W., & Ong, P. S. (2013) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1888 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Stevens, E. S., Jendrusina, A. A., Sarapas, C., & Behar, E. (2014) · The Wiley Handbook of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1002/9781118775349.ch21 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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“In general, the use of maladaptive strategies, such as, but not limited to, Catastrophising, Rumination, and Suppression, has been correlated with mental health disorders, such as depression [9,12,13], anxiety disorders [14,15], PTSD [16,17], eating disorders [18,19], etc.”
Background

Different Patterns of Attention Bias in Worry and RuminationPreprint
Hur, J., Gaul, K., & Berenbaum, H. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vxyb7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Different Patterns of Attention Bias in Worry and Rumination
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Rumination and Worry
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Worry and Rumination: Styles of Persistent Negative Thinking in Anxiety and Depression
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Authors: Hong, R. Y.
Affiliations: Western University (CA)
Corresponding author: Hong, Ryan Y.
ORCID: Hong, Ryan Y.
Venue: Behaviour Research and Therapy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-02
Volume: 45
Issue: 2
Pages: 277-290
ISSN: 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.03.006
OpenAlex: W2082266447
Cited by: 357
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 12.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Guangdong Academy of Sciences
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Keywords: worry, rumination, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, coping styles, cognitive vulnerability, university students, non-clinical sample, Singaporean students
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Anxiety, Association, Cognition, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Prospective Studies, Psychological Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Thinking

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Worry and rumination: Differential associations with anxious and depressive symptoms and coping behavior

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