Automatic thoughts and meta-cognition as predictors of depressive or anxious symptoms: a prospective study of two trajectories
Abstract
The purpose of this prospective study was to explore the Automatic Thought Questionnaire Negative (ATQ-30-N) and the Meta-cognitions Questionnaire (MCQ-30) as predictors in the development of depressive or anxious symptoms. A sample (N = 201) completed the ATQ-30-N, MCQ-30, and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) twice with a three month interval. The HSCL-25 measures both depressive and anxiety symptoms. Separate multiple hierarchical regression analyses indicated that the ATQ-30-N was a positive predictor for levels of depressive symptoms, while the MCQ-30 was a predictor of both levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms, at follow-up, when controlling for gender, age and pre-test levels of symptoms. However, the MCQ-30 did not predict future levels of depressive symptoms, when levels of automatic negative thoughts measured by the ATQ-30-N were statistically controlled for. The findings suggested that the ATQ-30-N predicts future levels of depressive symptoms, while the MCQ-30 primarily predicts future levels of anxiety.
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Findings in mental health settings demonstrate that metacognitive beliefs are associated with anxiety and depression and that negative metacognitive beliefs of uncontrollability and danger show the strongest and most reliable relationships with these symptoms.
“The results of the review mirror findings in mental health settings, which demonstrate that metacognitive beliefs are associated with anxiety and depression [29, 70–77] and that negative metacognitive beliefs of uncontrollability and danger show the strongest and most reliable relationships with these symptoms [29].”
From Metacognitive beliefs and their relationship with anxiety and depression in physical illnesses: A systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [73]
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- Authors
- HJEMDAL, O., STILES, T., & WELLS, A.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Corresponding author
- HJEMDAL, ODIN
- Venue
- Scandinavian Journal of Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-12-17
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 59-65
- ISSN
- 0036-5564 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9450
- OpenAlex
- W569865003
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Scandinavian Journal of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- negative automatic thoughts, metacognition, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, symptom trajectories, anxiety, prospective prediction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Cognition, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Thinking
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