The DOI matches its Crossref record; 83 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 3 are not checked yet.
Intrinsic Rewards and Employee's Performance With the Mediating Mechanism of Employee's Motivation
Open accessAbstract
The prime goal of this study is to analyze the impact of intrinsic rewards on the performance of an employee. It also focuses on the role of motivation of the employee as an intervening factor. To achieve this objective, data have been collected through the questionnaire method from small and medium enterprises of Pakistan. A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed to the target population, and 300 were received. To test the hypotheses, the confirmatory factor analysis and the structural equation modeling have been used. The main results of the study have shown a positive and significant impact of intrinsic rewards on the performance of the employee. Specifically, the study reveals that the motivation of an employee significantly mediates the association between intrinsic rewards and the performance of the employee. In the light of the findings, implications are outlined.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Others are more highly influenced by extrinsic rewards, and others are more influenced by intrinsic rewards like appreciation and recognition (Katabalo & Mwita, 2024;Manzoor et al., 2021).”
From Rewards and Employee Performance in Government Agencies: Evidence from Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA), Uganda (2026) · cites this paper as Manzoor et al., 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Employees are likely to show greater commitment, effort, and performance when they feel that the rewards are fair and meaningful (Manzoor et al., 2021).”
From Rewards and Employee Performance in Government Agencies: Evidence from Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA), Uganda (2026) · cites this paper as Manzoor et al., 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Employees in East Africa vary with their responses to reward structure in three contexts; institutional, depending on the individual preference, and performance of the quality of implementation.”
From Rewards and Employee Performance in Government Agencies: Evidence from Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA), Uganda (2026) · cites this paper as Manzoor et al., 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This elicits a positive emotional reaction and works to motivate them to continue to improve as well as make lasting behavioral changes when needed (Ryan and Deci, 2020; Manzoor et al, 2021).”
From Evaluation and Enhancement of Existing Intervention Programs for Juvenile Delinquency (2023) · cites this paper as Manzoor et al, 2021
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.40.3.879 · Cited by 34,117
On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/bf02723327 · Cited by 26,163
Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588 · Cited by 20,018
Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224378101800313 · Cited by 13,287
Self‐determination theory and work motivation
Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.322 · Cited by 7,757
Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920639101700305 · Cited by 6,380
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2020) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860 · Cited by 6,037
Harrison, A. J., Robinson, C., Ashenfelter, O., & Layard, R. (1989) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.2307/135687 · Cited by 3,321
Haslwanter, T. (2016) · Statisctics and computing/Statistics and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28316-6_12 · Cited by 3,094
Grant, A. M. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.48 · Cited by 1,986
Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis.
Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M., & Ford, M. T. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035661 · Cited by 1,981
Employee Commitment and Motivation: A Conceptual Analysis and Integrative Model.
Meyer, J. P., Becker, T. E., & Vandenberghe, C. (2004) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.991 · Cited by 1,826
Mediators, moderators, and tests for mediation.
James, L. R., & Brett, J. M. (1984) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.69.2.307 · Cited by 1,662
A Socially Embedded Model of Thriving at Work
Spreitzer, G., Sutcliffe, K., Dutton, J., Sonenshein, S., & Grant, A. M. (2005) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1050.0153 · Cited by 1,604
Wang, H., Law, K. S., Hackett, R. D., Wang, D., & Chen, Z. X. (2005) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2005.17407908 · Cited by 1,373
Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Amotivational Styles as Predictors of Behavior: A Prospective Study
Vallerand, R. J., & Blssonnette, R. (1992) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00922.x · Cited by 1,203
Reinforcement, Reward, and Intrinsic Motivation: A Meta-Analysis
Cameron, J., & Pierce, W. D. (1994) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543064003363 · Cited by 1,153
Social Cognitive Theory and Self-Regulated Learning
Schunk, D. H. (1989) · Springer series in cognitive development · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3618-4_4 · Cited by 935
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00098.x · Cited by 788
Nix, G. A., Ryan, R. M., Manly, J. B., & Deci, E. L. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1999.1382 · Cited by 749
Do intrinsic and extrinsic motivation relate differently to employee outcomes?
Kuvaas, B., Buch, R., Weibel, A. A., Dysvik, A., & Nerstad, C. G. L. (2017) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2017.05.004 · Cited by 631
A Study on the Drivers of Employee Engagement Impacting Employee Performance
Bedarkar, M. M., & Pandita, D. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.174 · Cited by 508
Does Herzberg's motivation theory have staying power?
Bassett-Jones, N., & Lloyd, G. C. (2005) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/02621710510627064 · Cited by 454
Kuvaas, B. (2006) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.377 · Cited by 422
Qing, M., Asif, M., Hussain, A., & Jameel, A. (2019) · Review of Managerial Science · doi:10.1007/s11846-019-00340-9 · Cited by 382
Self-citationPerceived investment in employee development, intrinsic motivation and work performance
Kuvaas, B., & Dysvik, A. (2009) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1748-8583.2009.00103.x · Cited by 377
A categorized list of motivation definitions, with a suggestion for a consensual definition
Kleinginna, P. R., & Kleinginna, A. M. (1981) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf00993889 · Cited by 364
van Kleef, J. A. G., & Roome, N. J. (2005) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.06.002 · Cited by 326
The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Job Performance and CSR as Mediator in SMEs
Manzoor, F., Wei, L., Nurunnabi, M., Subhan, Q. A., Shah, S. I. A., & Fallatah, S. A. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11020436 · Cited by 301
Self-citationThe effects of personal control, competence, and extrinsic reward systems on intrinsic motivation
Fisher, C. D. (1978) · Organizational Behavior and Human Performance · doi:10.1016/0030-5073(78)90054-5 · Cited by 299
A confirmatory factor analysis of IS employee motivation and retention
Mak, B. L., & Sockel, H. (2001) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-7206(00)00055-0 · Cited by 266
Exploring talent management in India: The neglected role of intrinsic rewards
Tymon, W. G., Stumpf, S. A., & Doh, J. P. (2009) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2009.09.016 · Cited by 260
Güngör, P. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.09.029 · Cited by 255
Motivation, pay satisfaction, and job satisfaction of front‐line employees
Stringer, C. P., Didham, J., & Theivananthampillai, P. (2011) · Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management · doi:10.1108/11766091111137564 · Cited by 214
Castro, C. B., Periñán, M. D. M. V., & Bueno, J. C. C. (2008) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585190802324601 · Cited by 210
The effect of employees motivation on organizational performance
Babatunde, O. (2015) · Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research · doi:10.5897/jpapr2014.0300 · Cited by 205
The Role of Credit for Small Business Success
Kuzilwa, J. A. (2005) · The Journal of Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/097135570501400204 · Cited by 204
Asif, M., Qing, M., Hwang, J., & Shi, H. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11164489 · Cited by 196
Self-citationManzoor, F., Wei, L., Bányai, T., Nurunnabi, M., & Subhan, Q. A. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11082263 · Cited by 195
Self-citationVan den Broeck, A., Lens, W., De Witte, H., & Van Coillie, H. (2013) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2012.11.005 · Cited by 192
Intrinsic Motivation and Employee Attitudes
Cho, Y. J., & Perry, J. L. (2011) · Review of Public Personnel Administration · doi:10.1177/0734371x11421495 · Cited by 189
Hotel attribute performance, eWOM motivations, and media choice
Yen, C.-L. A., & Tang, C.-H. H. (2015) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.01.003 · Cited by 188
Asif, M., Jameel, A., Hussain, A., Hwang, J., & Sahito, N. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16132381 · Cited by 184
Self-citationLeadership styles, emotion regulation, and burnout.
Arnold, K. A., Connelly, C. E., Walsh, M. M., & Ginis, K. A. M. (2015) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039045 · Cited by 183
Factors for Increasing the Competitiveness of Small and Medium- Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Bulgaria
Ahmedova, S. I. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.155 · Cited by 180
The Impact of Management Control on Employee Motivation and Performance in the Public Sector
van der Kolk, B., van Veen-Dirks, P. M. G., & ter Bogt, H. J. (2018) · European Accounting Review · doi:10.1080/09638180.2018.1553728 · Cited by 179
What monetary rewards can and cannot do: How to show employees the money
Aguinis, H., Joo, H., & Gottfredson, R. K. (2013) · Business Horizons · doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2012.11.007 · Cited by 174
Rita, M., Payangan, O. R., Rante, Y., Tuhumena, R., & Erari, A. (2018) · International Journal of Law and Management · doi:10.1108/ijlma-03-2017-0026 · Cited by 157
Influence of Rewards on Workers Performance in an Organization
Ajila, C. O., & Abiola, A. G. (2004) · Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/09718923.2004.11892397 · Cited by 149
The role of SMEs in rural development: Access of SMEs to finance as a mediator
Manzoor, F., Wei, L., & Sahito, N. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247598 · Cited by 140
Self-citationWhat role does culture play? A look at motivation and job satisfaction among hotel workers in Brazil
Sledge, S., Miles, A. K., & Coppage, S. (2008) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585190802295157 · Cited by 138
Positive Effects of Rewards and Performance Standards on Intrinsic Motivation
Pierce, W. D., Cameron, J., Banko, K. M., & So, S. (2003) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395453 · Cited by 135
The role of the reward system for a total quality management based strategy
Allen, R. S., & Kilmann, R. H. (2001) · Journal of Organizational Change Management · doi:10.1108/09534810110388036 · Cited by 134
Netz, Y., & Raviv, S. (2004) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.3200/jrlp.138.1.35-48 · Cited by 133
THE IMPACT OF FLEXIBLE BENEFITS ON EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION: A FIELD STUDY
Barber, A. E., Dunham, R. B., & Formisano, R. A. (1992) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1992.tb00844.x · Cited by 131
Factors Influencing Teachers’ Performance and Retention
Tehseen, S., & Hadi, N. U. (2015) · Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n1p233 · Cited by 127
Perera, D., & Chand, P. (2015) · Advances in Accounting · doi:10.1016/j.adiac.2015.03.012 · Cited by 110
Rebitzer, J. B., & Taylor, L. J. (2011) · Handbook of labour economics · doi:10.1016/s0169-7218(11)04114-1 · Cited by 105
Gabriel, A. S., Cheshin, A., Moran, C. M., & Kleef, G. A. V. (2015) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2015.09.003 · Cited by 101
Manzoor, F., Wei, L., & Siraj, M. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06340 · Cited by 101
Self-citationImproving in-role and extra-role performances with rewards and recognition
Rai, A., Ghosh, P., Chauhan, R., & Singh, R. (2018) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-12-2016-0280 · Cited by 97
How ethical leadership influence employee creativity: A parallel multiple mediation model
Asif, M., Miao, Q., Jameel, A., Manzoor, F., & Hussain, A. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00819-9 · Cited by 88
Self-citationBasic need satisfaction, work motivation, and job performance in an industrial company in Iran
Arshadi, N. (2010) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.273 · Cited by 84
Pouliakas, K. (2010) · Kyklos · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6435.2010.00490.x · Cited by 80
Taba, M. I. (2018) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/jmd-11-2016-0256 · Cited by 76
EFFICIENCY WAGES AND SUBJECTIVE PERFORMANCE PAY
Yang, H. (2007) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2007.00069.x · Cited by 71
Relationship between Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation for Learning – Researches Review
Jovanovic, D., & Matejevic, M. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.08.287 · Cited by 70
Incentives and intrinsic motivation in healthcare
Berdud, M., Hita, J. M. C., & Nieto, J. (2016) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2016.04.013 · Cited by 67
Ojeleye, Y. C. (2017) · Nigerian Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review · doi:10.12816/0037554 · Cited by 64
Role of SME in Poverty Alleviation in SAARC Region via Panel Data Analysis
Manzoor, F., Wei, L., Nurunnabi, M., & Subhan, Q. A. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11226480 · Cited by 60
Self-citationSanyal, M. K., & Biswas, S. (2014) · Procedia Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/s2212-5671(14)00187-7 · Cited by 56
Motivation and Performance in Higher Education
Zlate, Ş., & Cucui, G. G. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.146 · Cited by 51
Hidden benefits of reward: A field experiment on motivation and monetary incentives
Kvaløy, O., Nieken, P., & Schöttner, A. (2015) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.03.003 · Cited by 50
Does dopaminergic reward system contribute to explaining comorbidity obesity and ADHD?
Liu, L., Li, B., Yang, J., & Wang, Y. (2008) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.10.012 · Cited by 47
Han, H., Sahito, N., Nguyen, T. V. T., Hwang, J., & Asif, M. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11174798 · Cited by 44
Self-citationEmployees and change initiatives: intrinsic rewards and feeling valued
Stumpf, S. A., Tymon, W. G., Favorito, N., & Smith, R. R. (2013) · Journal of Business Strategy · doi:10.1108/02756661311310422 · Cited by 35
The Measurement of Employee Motivation by Using Multi-factor Statistical Analysis
Zámečník, R. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.553 · Cited by 34
Karami, A., Dolatabadi, H. R., & Rajaeepour, S. (2013) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v3-i9/215 · Cited by 33
Training and intrinsic motivation in nonprofit and for-profit organizations
DeVaro, J., Maxwell, N. L., & Morita, H. (2017) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2017.04.005 · Cited by 33
Nisar, Q. A., Riasat, F., & Aslam, S. (2016) · Journal of Management Info · doi:10.31580/jmi.v11i1.56 · Cited by 32
Giving Method Variance Its Due
Cronbach, L. J. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315806815-10 · Cited by 28
Examining the Quasi-Public Spaces in Commercial Complexes
Sahito, N., Han, H., Nguyen, T. T., Kim, I., Hwang, J., & Jameel, A. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12051830 · Cited by 25
Khan, A., Ahmed, S., Paul, S., & Kazmi, S. H. A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59280-0_50 · Cited by 24
Skaggs, K. J., Dickinson, A. M., & O'Connor, K. A. F. (1991) · Journal of Organizational Behavior Management · doi:10.1300/j075v12n01_04 · Cited by 23
Do intrinsic rewards matter for real estate agents?
Mosquera, P., Soares, M. E., & Oliveira, D. (2020) · Journal of European real estate research · doi:10.1108/jerer-12-2019-0051 · Cited by 16
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Herzberg, 1959, The Motivation to Work., 195
- Kushnir, 2010, A universal definition of small enterprise: a procrustean bed for SMEs, The World Bank
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pan, C., Abbas, J., Otero, S. Á., Khan, H., & Cai, C. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132878 · Cited by 193
Factors Influencing Motivation and Work Engagement of Healthcare Professionals
Karaferis, D. C., Aletras, V. H., Raikou, M., & Niakas, D. A. (2022) · Materia Socio Medica · doi:10.5455/msm.2022.34.216-224 · Cited by 104
Alkandi, I. G., Khan, M. A., Fallatah, M., Alabdulhadi, A., Alanizan, S., & Alharbi, J. A. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15043415 · Cited by 72
Ali, H. R., Yin, J., Manzoor, F., & An, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1100448 · Cited by 39
Self-citationHanu, C., & Khumalo, N. B. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05138-3 · Cited by 38
Metadata
- Authors
- Manzoor, F., Wei, L., & Asif, M.
- Affiliations
- Zhejiang University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wei, Longbao
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-07-15
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 563070-563070
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8319625
- OpenAlex
- W3187017376
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 58.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Zhejiang University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Management
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Motivation
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Keywords
- intrinsic rewards, employee performance, employee motivation, mediating effect, small and medium-sized enterprises, human resource management
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

