Deported Men's and Father's Perspective: The Impacts of Family Separation on Children and Families in the U.S.

May combine two claims.

A 2016 mixed-methods study found that 16 of 48 citizen-children scored in the probable depression range, and the majority of those with probable depression (12 of 16) had a parent who was detained or deported.

“They found that 16 of 48 citizen-children scored in the probable depression range; the majority of those with probable depression (n = 12 of 16), had a parent who was detained or deported (40).”

• cites [40] Gulbas, 2016, A mixed-method study exploring depression in U.S. Citizen-children in Mexican immigrant families, Child Care Health Dev. sourcePartly supported

  The Methods > Study Sample passage reports a mixed-methods subsample of 48 citizen-children, of whom 16 met the cutoff for probable depression. It says 52.1% of the entire subsample were affected by parental deportation or detention, but does not establish that 12 of the 16 children with probable depression were affected. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Recent studies have shown that both a parent's unauthorized status and a deportation event can negatively impact the quality of life of U.S. citizen-children.

“Recent studies have shown that both a parent's unauthorized status (36, 37) and deportation event can negatively impact the quality of life of U.S. citizen-children (38–42).”

• cites [36] Finno-Velasquez, 2016, Effects of parent immigration status on mental health service use among latino children referred to child welfare, Psychiatr Serv. sourcePartly supported

  The Multivariate Analyses report that children of undocumented parents were significantly less likely to receive mental health services than children of U.S.-citizen parents. That supports a narrower concern about parental unauthorized status, but the paper does not examine a deportation event or measure quality of life; its sample includes Latino children referred to child welfare, 91.1% of whom were U.S.-born (Sample Characteristics). (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [37] Gulbas, 2017, Exploring the Effects of U.S. Immigration enforcement on the well-being of citizen children in Mexican immigrant families, RSF. sourceSupported
• cites [38] Brabeck, 2014, The psychosocial impact of detention and deportation on U.S. Migrant children and families, Am J Orthopsychiat. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [39] Zayas, 2017, Processes of belonging for citizen-children of undocumented Mexican immigrants, J Child Fam Stud. sourceSupported
• cites [40] Gulbas, 2016, A mixed-method study exploring depression in U.S. Citizen-children in Mexican immigrant families, Child Care Health Dev. sourceSupported
• cites [41] Henderson, 2013, Parental deportation, families, and mental health, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [42] Zayas, 2015, The distress of citizen-children with detained and deported parents, J Child Fam Stud. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The well-being of migrants post-deportation has been examined in some diverse contexts, though the longitudinal and reciprocal relationships with their U.S.-based families have not received attention.

“The well-being of migrants post-deportation has been examined in some diverse contexts (9, 18, 57–61) though the longitudinal and reciprocal relationships with their U.S.-based families have not received attention.”

• cites [9] Hagan, 2008, U.S. Deportation Policy, Family Separation, and Circular Migration, Int Migr Rev. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [18] Hamilton, 2016, Changes in the transnational family structures of Mexican farm workers in the era of border militarization, Demography. sourceCould not verify

  The citation is attached to the statement that post-deportation migrant well-being has been examined in diverse contexts. The Introduction and Transnational Family Life sections discuss border militarization and changing family structures, but the passages found when searching for post-deportation well-being and deported migrants do not address that statement. The later claim about reciprocal relationships is not attached to this citation. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [57] Hagan, 2011, Social effects of mass deportations by the United States government, 2000–10, Ethn Racial Stud. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [58] Horyniak, 2017, Relationships between integration and drug use among deported migrants in Tijuana, Mexico, J Immigr Minor Health. sourceSupported
• cites [59] Pinedo, 2014, Perceived risk of HIV infection among deported male injection drug users in Tijuana, Mexico, Glob Public Health. sourceSupported
• cites [60] Pinedo, 2015, Police victimization among persons who inject drugs along the U.S.-Mexico border, J Stud Alcohol Drugs. sourceSupported
• cites [61] Pinedo, 2018, Deportation and mental health among migrants who inject drugs along the US-Mexico border, Glob Public Health. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

An undocumented status prevents accessing public services (e.g., health care) and the labor market (e.g., employment opportunities).

“It is critical that all parents and children have legal identification in the receiving country (e.g., Mexico), in order to prevent an undocumented status, which would prevent accessing public services (e.g., health care) and the labor market (e.g., employment opportunities) (61, 73).”

• cites [61] Pinedo, 2018, Deportation and mental health among migrants who inject drugs along the US-Mexico border, Glob Public Health. sourceCould not verify

  The Measures section lists possession of Mexican identification as a study variable, and the Conclusion reports interest among deported people who inject drugs in health insurance, occupational training, and help obtaining identification (page numbers unavailable). Neither passage says that undocumented status prevents access to public services or employment; searches for identification-related barriers to health care and work found no such statement in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [73] Kremer, 2020, Tattoo removal as a resettlement service to reduce incarceration among Mexican migrants, J Immigr Minor Health. sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) suggests that a Mexican government ID may increase migrants’ access to social programs and employment, supporting the claim’s general direction. It does not say that undocumented status prevents access, or specifically link lack of ID to an inability to obtain health care; its claim is narrower and hedged. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Re-entry bans varied: 33% reported not being banned, 20% a ban of ≤5 years, 16% a ban of 6-10 years, and 31% a ban of 11+ years up to a lifetime ban.

“Participants reported whether they were restricted by the U.S. government from re-entering the country; 33% reported not being banned from re-entry, while 20% reported a ban of ≤5 years, 16% reported a ban of 6–10 years, and 31% reported being banned from 11+ years and up-to-a lifetime ban.”

May combine two claims.

Communication resources at interview: 93% had a working American or Mexican cell phone, 23% had used an internet café within the prior 6 months, and 17% had email access.

“Participants described their communication resources; notably, 93% had a working American or Mexican cell phone at the time of the interview, 23% had used an internet café within the prior 6 months, and 17% reported having email access at the time of the study.”

May combine two claims.

Nearly half of participants reported being separated from their children (44%), 38% from spouse/partner, 38% from siblings, 18% from parents, 17% from other relatives, and 3% from grandparents.

“Nearly half of participants reported being separated from their children (44%) and 38% were separated from their spouse/partner, 38% from siblings, 18% from their parents, 17% from other relatives, and a minority were separated from their grandparents (3%).”

May combine two claims.

There were no differences by group in reported access to a working cell phone and email use, but deportees separated from their nuclear family were more likely to report using an internet café recently (29 vs 17%, p = 0.015).

“We observed no differences by group in the reported access to a working cell phone and email use, however, deportees separated from their nuclear family were more likely to report using an internet café recently (29 vs. 17% among those not separated from nuclear family, respectively, p = 0.015).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There were no statistically significant differences in age distributions between deportees separated from their nuclear family and those not separated.

“There were no statistically significant differences in the age distributions of participants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nearly three-quarters of participants were ages 37+ years.

“The sample was nearly evenly divided by age group, though nearly three-quarters of participants were ages 37+ years.”

May combine two claims.

Deportation histories varied: 35% reported only one deportation, 39% reported 2-3 deportations, and 26% reported 4+ deportations.

“Participants described their deportation histories; 35% reported only one deportation, 39% reported 2–3 deportations, and 26% reported 4+ deportations.”

May combine two claims.

In the full sample, reported economic impacts included loss of income for rent/utilities (50%), groceries (44%), clothing (39%), school supplies (31%), health insurance (15%), and day-care (16%).

“In the full sample, about one-third of participants reported their families' losing economic resources to pay rent/utilities (50%) and groceries (44%) while 39% lost income for clothing and school supplies (31%). The deportation also reportedly impacted the families' access to income for health insurance coverage (15%) and day-care (16%).”

May combine two claims.

Deported parents consistently reported concerns about being unable to support their families emotionally and to provide the guidance and love that their children need.

“Deported parents consistently reported concerns about being unable to support their families emotionally and to provide the guidance and love that their children need.”

May combine two claims.

52% of participants were separated from their nuclear families and 48% were not separated from nuclear family.

“Overall, we determined that 52% of participants were separated from their nuclear families (i.e., spouse/partner &/or children) and 48% were not separated from nuclear family (i.e., extended family and no family members).”

The quote only partly states this claim.

The theme 'Child's Mental Health is Affected' accounted for 71 responses (78%) among the 91 deportees responding about impacts on minor children.

“The first theme, “Child's Mental Health is Affected,” was pervasive in participants' responses and accounted for 71 responses (78%).”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Deportees separated from their nuclear family were significantly more likely than those separated from extended family to report loss of income for rent/utilities (59 vs 29%, p < 0.001), food (54 vs 22%, p < 0.001), clothing (50 vs 13%, p < 0.001), school supplies (42 vs 6%, p < 0.001), health insurance (20 vs 3%, p < 0.001), and day care (22 vs 1%, p < 0.001).

“Deportees separated from their nuclear family were significantly more likely than those separated from extended family members to report that their nuclear families experienced loss of income for rent/utilities (59 vs. 29%, respectively, p < 0.001), food (54 vs. 22%, respectively, p < 0.001), clothing (50 vs. 13%, respectively, p < 0.001), school supplies (42 vs. 6%, respectively, p < 0.001),”

The quote only partly states this claim.

The theme 'No Impacts of the Deportation' was reported by 6 fathers (7%).

“Finally, it was rare for deported parents to identify “No Impacts of the Deportation” on their children (n = 6, 7%; data not shown).”

The quote only partly states this claim.

The theme 'Child Desires Reunification' was reported by 9 fathers (10%).

“A related theme was “Child Desires Reunification” (n = 9; 10%)”

The quote only partly states this claim.

The theme 'Adverse Academic Impacts' was reported by 9 fathers (10%).

“Regarding “Adverse Academic Impacts,” (n = 9; 10%) deportees reported that in some instances, their children's academic performance suffered following the parent's deportation.”

May combine two claims.

Deportees reported that family members were obliged to secure new employment (15%), some abandoned education (6%), moved residence (8%), took in renters (4%), needed to pay deportation-related expenses (6%), and 26% of families provided the deportee with money after deportation.

“Deportees' also reported that family members were obliged to secure new employment (15%), some abandoned their education as a result of the deportation (6%), or had to move from their residence (8%) or take in renters (4%). Finally, the family left behind reportedly needed to pay for expenses related to the deportees' deportation or other financial obligations (6%) and 26% of families remaining in”

May combine two claims.

One in four deportees is a parent of a U.S. citizen, and between 2009 and 2015, approximately 500,000 parents were deported and separated from their children who remained in the U.S.

“One in four deportees is a parent of a U.S. citizen (29), and between 2009 and 2015, ~500,000 parents were deported and separated from their children who remained in the U.S. (30).”

• cites [29] Cardoso, 2016, Deporting fathers: involuntary transnational families and intent to remigrate among Salvadoran deportees, Int Migr Rev. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [30] Capps, 2015Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The qualitative analysis utilized the methodology of 'Coding Consensus, Co-occurrence, and Comparison' based on Grounded Theory techniques to generate the codes underlying the analyses.

“We utilized the methodology of “Coding Consensus, Co-occurrence, and Comparison” which is based on Grounded Theory techniques (52, 53) to generate the codes that underlie our analyses.”

• cites [52] Strauss, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [53] Willms, 1990, A systematic approach for using qualitative methods in primary prevention research, Med Anthropol Q. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of The University of California, San Diego Human Research Protection Program and the Ethics Board of the Clinic.

“This study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of The University of California, San Diego Human Research Protection Program and the Ethics Board of the Clinic.”

May combine two claims.

About 53% of undocumented adults in the U.S. are men, but undocumented men account for more than 90% of deportees.

“About 53% of undocumented adults in the U.S. are men, but undocumented men account for >90% of deportees (11).”

• cites [11] Golash-Boza, 2013, Latino immigrant men and the deportation crisis: a gendered racial removal program, Lat Stud. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The study's findings are consistent with the extant research.

“Findings are consistent with the extant research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All participants provided signed informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

“All participants provided signed informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, received $10 compensation for their time and refreshments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Given the sensitive nature of the topics, some data may have been under-reported.

“Additionally, given the sensitive nature of the topics, some data may have been under-reported.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The data remain timely given the persistent efforts of U.S. administrations to target migrant families for deportation.

“The data remain timely given the persistent efforts of U.S. administrations to target migrant families for deportation (49, 50); findings can inform potential binational policy solutions and the development of evidence-based interventions.”

• cites [49] Hannon, 2019, Trump administration has been working on sweeping, high visibility mass arrest of thousands of immigrant families, SlateNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [50] Dickerson, 2019, Thousands are targeted as ICE prepares to raid undocumented migrant families, The New York TimesNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Ethical concerns regarding family separation remain persistent issues given the acknowledged importance of keeping families together for the sake of the children.

“As noted by Amuedo-Dorantes et al., ethical concerns regarding family-separation remain persistent issues given the “acknowledged importance of keeping families together for the sake of the children” (65).”

• cites [65] Amuedo-Dorantes, 2019, Immigration enforcement and children's living arrangements, J Pol Anal Manage. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The deportation process and event also affect the deportee's outcomes and the post-deportation circumstances of the deportee may have a reciprocal effect on the family and household remaining in the U.S.

“Finally, the framework proposes that the deportation process and event also affect the deportee's outcomes and the post-deportation circumstances of the deportee may have a reciprocal effect on the family and household remaining in the U.S.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The framework was developed following the collection of the data and did not guide the data collection process.

“Our framework was developed following the collection of the data and did not guide the data collection process.”

May combine two claims.

Findings suggest increased vulnerability to housing instability due to loss of the deported migrants' income, and food insecurity and inability to meet the families' daily needs.

“Findings suggest increased vulnerability to housing instability due to the loss of the deported migrants' income, and food insecurity and inability to meet the families' daily needs (e.g., clothing).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The federal and policy environments shape families' access to public resources.

“This socio-ecological framework recognizes that the federal and policy environments shape families' access to public resources (e.g., welfare, nutrition, housing assistance programs, education, health insurance coverage, driver's license).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In a sample of Salvadoran fathers, 52.5% intended to return to the U.S. despite the possibility of incarceration.

“However, in a sample of Salvadoran fathers, 52.5% intended to return to the U.S. despite the possibility of incarceration (29).”

• cites [29] Cardoso, 2016, Deporting fathers: involuntary transnational families and intent to remigrate among Salvadoran deportees, Int Migr Rev. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Immigration policies treat migrants who re-enter the U.S. as criminals and migrants may be incarcerated if detected in the country after having received a ban.

“immigration policies treat migrants who re-enter the U.S. as criminals and migrants may be incarcerated if detected in the country after having received a ban (29).”

• cites [29] Cardoso, 2016, Deporting fathers: involuntary transnational families and intent to remigrate among Salvadoran deportees, Int Migr Rev. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The absence of parental love and care can adversely impact the long-term well-being and development of children of incarcerated parents.

“Studies have documented how the absence of parental love and care can adversely impact the long-term well-being and development of children of incarcerated parents (67).”

• cites [67] Miller, 2006, The impact of parental incarceration on children: an emerging need for effective interventions, Child Adolesc Soc Work J. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Adverse Childhood Events, which include justice-system contact or parental incarceration before the age of 18, are associated with poor physical and mental health outcomes in adulthood.

“Moreover, a growing body of research shows that Adverse Childhood Events, which include justice-system contact or parental incarceration before the age of 18, are associated with poor physical and mental health outcomes in adulthood (68) and other studies suggest that deportation events can be similarly traumatic to children (39, 43).”

• cites [68] Kremer, 2018, Association of adverse childhood experiences with depression in Latino migrants residing in Tijuana, Mexico, Perm J. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The advent of a deportation event triggers significant changes in the household and family structure, which can produce observable and measurable outcomes across diverse mental, physical, social and economic domains at the child, U.S.-based parent, and household levels.

“Thus, the advent of a deportation event triggers significant changes in the household and family structure, which can produce observable and measurable outcomes across diverse mental, physical, social and economic domains at the child, U.S.-based parent, and household levels.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Disruption of children's academic trajectories negatively impacts immediate and future human capital development and future economic outcomes.

“Other implications for families include the potential disruption of children's academic trajectories following paternal deportation (10, 39, 62, 64); this outcome is particularly concerning because of its negative impact on immediate and future human capital development and future economic outcomes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Leaving school can place youths' futures at risk by potentially elevating the risk of precarity and disadvantage.

“For example, leaving school can place youths' futures at risk by potentially elevating the risk of precarity and disadvantage.”

May combine two claims.

The sample was limited to males and Mexican nationals because few identified as Central American (n = 10) or women (n = 35) and these data could not support meaningful analyses for these subgroups.

“The sample was limited to males and Mexican nationals because few (n = 10) identified as Central American or women (n = 35) and these data could not support meaningful analyses for these subgroups.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Relocating children of Mexican nationals (i.e., U.S.-born, and Mexican nationals raised in the U.S.) is an emotionally, economically, and socially complex process that merits coordination and preparation of the child.

“Qualitative studies suggest that relocating children of Mexican nationals (i.e., U.S.-born, and Mexican nationals raised in the U.S.) is an emotionally, economically, and socially complex process that merits coordination and preparation of the child (70, 71).”

• cites [70] Zúñiga, 2009, Sojourners in Mexico with U.S. School experience: a new taxonomy for transnational students, Comp Educ Rev. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [71] González, 2014, Children returning from the US to Mexico: school sweet school?, Int Migr. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the University of California, San Diego Human Research Protection Program and the Ethics Board of the Clinic.

“The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the University of California, San Diego Human Research Protection Program and the Ethics Board of the Clinic.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Due to the sensitive nature of migration and deportation experiences, some participants may not have fully disclosed information.

“Due to the sensitive nature of migration and deportation experiences, some participants may not have fully disclosed information.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

For families seeking to reunite with the deportee in Mexico, ensuring that children have access to social (e.g., education) and other institutions (e.g., health care) is critical to promoting their well-being.

“For families seeking to reunite with the deportee in Mexico, ensuring that children have access to social (e.g., education) and other institutions (e.g., health care) is critical to promoting their well-being.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

“The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.”

May combine two claims.

Relocation of U.S. citizen children to their parent's home country (e.g., Mexico) may be stressful and create new legal, social, mental health, and economic challenges.

“While some families have relocated the entire family to Mexico in order to preserve the family unit, other studies have found that this process, including the relocation of U.S. citizen children to their parent's home country (e.g., Mexico), may be stressful and create new legal, social, mental health, and economic challenges (69).”

• cites [69] Boehm, 2016, Fragmentation sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Efforts to mitigate certain determinants of deportation (e.g., access to substance use rehabilitation programs, access to drivers' education programs and licenses) may promote the continued presence of two-parent households.

“Additionally, efforts to mitigate certain determinants of deportation (e.g., access to substance use rehabilitation programs, access to drivers' education programs and licenses) may promote the continued presence of two-parent households.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

“The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.”

May combine two claims.

The study was unable to corroborate the impact of the separation on family members remaining in the U.S., though findings are consistent with other published studies.

“We were also unable to corroborate the impact of the separation on family members remaining in the U.S., though findings are consistent with other published studies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Facilitating the social and economic reintegration of the deportee in Mexico may help offset the economic burden of deportation on families in the U.S. who may shoulder the additional expense of maintaining a second household in Mexico for the deportee.

“In Mexico, facilitating the social and economic reintegration of the deportee may help offset the economic burden of deportation on families in the U.S. who may shoulder the additional expense of maintaining a second household in Mexico for the deportee.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Because extortions of U.S.-based family members were reported by participants at the time of the study, participants may not have revealed a family separation in order to protect their family.

“At the time of the study, extortions of U.S.-based family members were reported by participants. Therefore, participants may not have revealed a family separation in order to protect their family.”

May combine two claims.

Participants were not asked to specify the exact ages of their children, which prevents the study from making specific observations regarding impacts by age.

“Participants were not asked to specify the exact ages of their children which prevents us from making specific observations regarding impacts by age.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study did not ask participants to report on the impact of their deportation on spouses or extended family members.

“We did not ask participants to report on the impact of their deportation on spouses or extended family members; our limited data suggest that these questions should be asked in future studies.”