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Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study
Open accessAbstract
Background: Many studies indicate that men are more reluctant to seek help for mental health problems than women. Traditional ideas of masculinity are often seen as a cause of this phenomenon. However, little is known about the diversity of experiences during the processes of help-seeking and service use among men with depression who have already utilized mental health services. This study aims to explore men's experiences and attitudes toward depression, help-seeking, and service use in order to develop gender-sensitive services. Methods: Narrative-biographical interviews were conducted with men treated for depression (n = 12). Interview topics included individual experience with depression, help-seeking behavior, and mental health service use. Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Before seeking treatment, men's help-seeking behavior was negatively affected by internalized masculine norms. However, findings indicate a change of attitudes toward depression after mental health service use. Men with depression emphasized a salutogenic perspective toward mental health problems and critically reflected on masculine norms. The positive function of men-only groups were described as key for successful service use. Conclusions: Men with depression reported experiences toward help-seeking and service use on four different levels: (i) attitudes toward depression, (ii) perception of societal views on depression, (iii) experiences within the family context and (iv) experiences with mental health services. Interventions to reduce the stigma of being “unmanly” and to improve men's capacity to cope with being unable to work should be developed. Peer-led men-only groups may increase participants' self-esteem and assist in disclosing weaknesses. In the context of GPs' mediating role, training for health professionals concerning the impact of masculine norms on mental health is recommended.
Overview
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TL;DR
In narrative-biographical interviews with 12 men treated for depression, internalized masculine norms initially inhibited help-seeking, but service use was retrospectively linked to critical reflection on those norms and a salutogenic view of depression. Men-only peer groups were described as key enablers of disclosure and successful service use.
Key findings
- Before treatment, men reported trivializing symptoms, individualized problem solving, hiding depression due to masculine norms, and avoiding help to protect career options; these categories had 10, 7, 7, and 6 quotations respectively.
- After service use, many described changed attitudes toward mental health problems (11 quotations) and a salutogenic perspective (10 quotations), seeing depression as an important life experience or wake-up call and reflecting critically on masculine norms.
- Stigma was prominent: being assessed as incapable of coping (12 quotations), stigma toward help-seeking and having depression (12), stigma toward inability to work (10), and stigma of being unmanly (8); some also perceived growing acceptance (8).
- Family and service experiences were mixed: loss of empathy in the family (14 quotations), partners’ emotional support (21), service users’ social support (14), group counseling for men (15), and familiarity of peer-led men-only groups (11); 11 of 12 participants were currently utilizing mental health services.
Methods
- Qualitative study nested in the mixed-methods MenDe project; this article reports a third-step re-analysis of 12 narrative-biographical interviews with men treated for depression, recruited inside and outside healthcare settings in Southern Germany. Inclusion criteria were male, aged 18–64, diagnosed or self-identified as having depression, and sufficient German language skills; exclusions were organic mental disorder, dementia, anorexia with BMI <17, addiction, and bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.
- Interviews were conducted March–June 2018 by a male researcher (TS), lasted 27–133 min (mean 75 min), and covered depression experience, help-seeking, service use, illness theories, social consequences, coping, and masculinity.
- Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis: deductive categories from the research question and theoretical background, inductive codes from the material, and refinement into themes. Coding was done independently by three researchers (MSt, SK, TS), with discordant coding discussed in a qualitative research group until consensus; MAXQDA 12 was used.
Limitations
- The paper states that participants had used mental health care services prior to the study, so findings only refer to men who had successfully sought help and cannot explain reasoning in men who never sought help. It also states the small sample size and participants’ high age (mean = 52) prevent revealing age-related differences in help-seeking attitudes and behavior.
- The paper notes the interviewer was male and that male participants might answer in gender-specific ways, for example by staging themselves as “real men” who never lost control; a qualitative research group with multiple perspectives discussed this bias critically.
- Evident from the text: all participants were recruited in Southern Germany and the sample was predominantly married (9 of 12), limiting transferability beyond this context.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Depressive symptoms were not taken seriously by others who alleged that mental disorders are a result of an inability to deal with distress: “I've often heard people say ‘Get a grip! Don't make such a fuss’” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Perception of Societal Views on Depression: The Stigma of Being Depressed and “Unmanly”
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In the paper
“This perspective awakened them to the need to change harmful attitudes toward work and life: “Before my illness, work came first. And now I have to say I'm the top priority and I only do what is good for me” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“Some of them reported having “trivialized” their symptoms in terms of a “temporary” condition, which was expected to return quickly to a normal state of health: “It's a bit difficult at the moment, but it'll be fine again soon” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“However, findings indicate a change of attitudes toward depression after mental health service use.”
- Also stated in: § Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms · hedged
“In line with a critical stance toward masculine norms, the analysis indicates a change in attitudes toward mental health problems during recovery processes.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Abstract
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Along these lines, some interviewees described their own as well as men's socialization in general as having an emphasis on avoiding feelings, appearing strong and never crying.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“Before seeking treatment, men's help-seeking behavior was negatively affected by internalized masculine norms.”
- Also stated in: § Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms · plain
“The majority of interviewees reported that masculine norms influenced their attitudes toward depression as well as their decision to seek help.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Abstract
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, one respondent reported that shortly after being admitted to a psychiatric ward due to a mental breakdown, he asked to be discharged “in order to go to work” (Jack, 50–54 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“Most participants reported having tried to solve mental health problems on their own instead of seeking mental health services.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“Men with depression emphasized a salutogenic perspective toward mental health problems and critically reflected on masculine norms.”
- Also stated in: § Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms · plain
“Interviewees emphasized a salutogenic perspective on depression and help-seeking.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Abstract
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“interviewees described their experiences of inpatient services as an “educational resource”, where they could benefit from fellow patients' life experiences and learn how to cope with depressive symptoms”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > (Mental) Health Service Use: Between Obstacles and Enablers
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents perceived having depression as an important “life experience” (Alex, 55–59 y) or a “necessary wake-up call” (Harry, 45–49 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“In order to meet traditional masculine norms concerning societal roles, respondents decided not to disclose their mental health problems and to post-pone their own needs:”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“Interviewees explained low levels of help-seeking behavior as being a means of maintaining their employability as well as to safeguard career options.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One participant reflected masculine norms meant that he never disclosed mental health problems, saying that “[…] it doesn't exist among men. Men are the breadwinners, the problem solvers, the doers” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Participants referred to a variety of gender-related stigma experiences which could be classified into two categories: firstly, participants reported being assessed as incapable to adequately cope with mental distress.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Perception of Societal Views on Depression: The Stigma of Being Depressed and “Unmanly”
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In the paper
“Some participants viewed their depression primarily as a chance to reflect on their attitudes, which led to positive coping strategies in everyday life (Alex, 55–59 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
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In the paper
“Due to their critical stances toward masculine norms, interviewees recommended being “more sensitive to looking after oneself and noticing these warning signs earlier” (Luke, 55–59 y).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Attitudes Toward Coping With Depression: Critical Stance Toward Masculine Norms
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“some participants perceived a slowly growing societal acceptance for professional help-seeking”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Perception of Societal Views on Depression: The Stigma of Being Depressed and “Unmanly”
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In the paper
“Some respondents reported a lack of interest as well as a downplaying of depressive symptoms by GPs which led to them no longer seeking help”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > (Mental) Health Service Use: Between Obstacles and Enablers
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In the paper
“In some men's views, GPs tended to relativize depressive symptoms and recommended calming oneself down.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > (Mental) Health Service Use: Between Obstacles and Enablers
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“other interviewees reported the role of GPs as being a gateway to mental health services and being generally supportive and encouraging as well”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > (Mental) Health Service Use: Between Obstacles and Enablers
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In the paper
“respondents stated that seeking help continues to be viewed negatively as it is connected with the inability to cope with mental distress”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Men's Perception of Societal Views on Depression: The Stigma of Being Depressed and “Unmanly”
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In the paper
“On the one hand, they report the adverse impact of masculine norms as well as stigma experiences.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion
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In the paper
“Participants described a lack of understanding regarding their depression and their “inability” to recover”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Results > Family Environment: Between Role Expectations and Social Support
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In the paper
“Furthermore, there is some evidence that men do not necessarily subscribe to traditional ideals but demonstrate alternative forms of masculinity (4).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Krumm, 2017, Men's views on depression: A systematic review and metasynthesis of qualitative research, Psychopathology source
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In the paper
“Previous studies on mental health professionals' view about the impact of male gender for the treatment of men with depression stress the need to develop gender-sensitive services (14).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Stiawa, 2020, Mental health professionals view about the impact of male gender for the treatment of men with depression - a qualitative study, BMC Psychiatry source
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In the paper
“Research often suggests that men's help-seeking behavior regarding depression is attributed to traditional masculine norms such as being strong, successful, self-reliant, in control, and capable, along with an emphasis on avoiding emotions (2).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Möller-Leimkühler, 2009, Männer, depression und “männliche depression” [Men, depression and “male depression”], Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr source
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Peer-led men-only groups may increase participants' self-esteem and assist in disclosing weaknesses.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Abstract
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In the paper
“These findings suggest that men consulted a GP prior to counseling, which led to both negative and positive experiences.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > GPs Role in Men's Help-Seeking Decisions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Harding, 2015, It's not about “freudian couches and personality changing drugs”: an investigation into men's mental health help-seeking enablers, Am J Mens Health source
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In the paper
“To try to control this bias a qualitative research group with several perspectives (men and women, different professions etc.) discussed this issue critically.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Materials and Methods > Analysis
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In the paper
“The interviews were coded independently by three researchers (MSt, SK, TS) so that coding could be compared.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Materials and Methods > Analysis
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In the paper
“Discordant coding was discussed in a qualitative research group until consensus was reached.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Materials and Methods > Analysis
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In the paper
“men's decision not to seek help is accompanied by the concern that they would be making fools of themselves and expect social isolation as a consequence of not matching masculine role norms (20)”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > Adverse Impact of Masculine Norms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Sierra Hernandez, 2014, Understanding help-seeking among depressed men, Psychol Men Masc source
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In the paper
“One pilot interview was conducted with no changes for the interview guide.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Materials and Methods > Instrument
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In the paper
“The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of Ulm University, Germany (Ref. Nr. 202/15).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Ethics Statement
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In the paper
“Results of a study about work values across generations suggests that workers from the generation of traditionalists placed more importance on status and autonomy than baby boomers or Generation X workers (30).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > Transformation of Attitudes During Recovery Processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Hansen, 2012, Work values across generations, J Career Assess. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Others pointed out time restrictions that undermine GPs' capacity to effectively diagnose and treat depression (25).”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > GPs Role in Men's Help-Seeking Decisions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Ohtsuki, 2012, Attitudes toward depression among Japanese non-psychiatric medical doctors: a cross-sectional study, BMC Res Notes source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“previous research also finding that men emphasized GPs' supportive role and stressed that a positive relationship between patient and GP facilitates mental health service use (26)”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > GPs Role in Men's Help-Seeking Decisions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Cramer, 2014, Do depressed and anxious men do groups? What works and what are the barriers to help seeking?, Prim Health Care Res Dev source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Ethics Statement
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In the paper
“Another limitation is the small sample size as well as participants' high age (mean = 52), which means it is not possible to reveal age-related differences in help-seeking attitudes and behavior.”
§ Masculinity and Help-Seeking Among Men With Depression: A Qualitative Study > Discussion > Limitations and Future Research
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The paper relies on this without support.
There is a lack of knowledge on how men's specific needs in cases of depression are addressed by mental health services.
“Beyond this, there is a lack of knowledge on how men's specific needs in cases of depression are addressed by mental health services.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The impact of norms concerning traditional masculine roles for men with depression who have already utilized mental health services is unclear.
“Moreover, the impact of norms concerning traditional masculine roles for men with depression who have already utilized mental health services is unclear.”
The paper relies on this without support.
More evidence is needed to develop mental health services based on the experiences of men with depression.
“On the other hand, more evidence is needed to develop mental health services based on the experiences of men with depression.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many studies provide a one-dimensional understanding of mental health behavior among men with depression, including reduced service use.
“Despite emerging evidence for the diversity of men's experiences of help-seeking and service use, many studies provide a one-dimensional understanding of mental health behavior among men with depression, including reduced service use.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Psychiatric service use contradicts masculinity.
“In contrast to the assumption that psychiatric service use contradicts masculinity (27)”
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In the citing paper
“Patients with depression may be undertreated with antidepressant therapies (ADTs), as observed in a longitudinal study involving 789 primary care patients with depressive symptoms, in which 41% were undertreated (ie, did not receive ADTs even though an ADT was indicated).35,36”
From Digital health technologies and major depressive disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
James is described as a father but has no children listed
MinorJames says he is a father, but his Table 2 entry has a dash in the children column. The table's total of seven participants with children also excludes him.
““My family couldn't understand that I, a father, didn't go to the hardware store today, because I didn't feel good. It was never really recognized” (James, 55–59 y).”
“| James | 55–59 | On sick leave (construction) | Married | – | – | Psychologist |”
Citations
Cites
Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept
Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243205278639 · Cited by 9,367
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363 · Cited by 8,848
Mayring, P. (2008) · Forum qualitative Sozialforschung · doi:10.17169/fqs-1.2.1089 · Cited by 6,604
Mental illness stigma: Concepts, consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma
Rüsch, N., Angermeyer, M. C., & Corrigan, P. W. (2005) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.04.004 · Cited by 1,832
Biographieforschung und narratives Interview
Schütze, F. (2016) · Verlag Barbara Budrich eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvdf09cn.6 · Cited by 1,580
The role of masculinity in men's help-seeking for depression: A systematic review
Seidler, Z. E., Dawes, A. J., Rice, S. M., Oliffe, J. L., & Dhillon, H. M. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.002 · Cited by 1,093
Self-stigma and the “why try” effect: impact on life goals and evidence-based practices
CORRIGAN, P. W., LARSON, J. E., & RÜSCH, N. (2009) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00218.x · Cited by 1,074
Effects of paternal depression on fathers' parenting behaviors: a meta-analytic review
Wilson, S., & Durbin, C. E. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.007 · Cited by 603
Men's accounts of depression: Reconstructing or resisting hegemonic masculinity?
Emslie, C., Ridge, D., Ziebland, S., & Hunt, K. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.10.017 · Cited by 420
Men’s discourses of help‐seeking in the context of depression
Johnson, J. L., Oliffe, J. L., Kelly, M. T., Galdas, P., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2012) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2011.01372.x · Cited by 238 · cited 1×
“Qualitative studies have also explored the characteristics of positive attitudes during and after the mental help-seeking process (28, 29).”
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Santé mentale et prévention du suicide chez les hommes
Ehrminger, M., & Notredame, C.-É. (2024) · Actualités Pharmaceutiques · doi:10.1016/j.actpha.2024.09.011
Blais, R. K., Vannini, M. B. N., & Grimm, K. J. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.048
The Impact of Cataract Surgery Refusal on Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive Function
Çelik, A., Özdoğan, S., & Erdoğan, K. (2025) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.70048
Athanasiadis, C., Gough, B., Robertson, S., & Day, K. (2025) · The European Journal of Counselling Psychology · doi:10.46853/001c.141190
BABALARDA POSTPARTUM DEPRESYONU VE YARDIM ARAMA DAVRANIŞI
Akar, B., & Akçay, S. (2025) · Selçuk Sağlık Dergisi · doi:10.70813/ssd.1552368
Cooke, F., & Sharkey, C. M. (2025) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsaf046
A Comparative Study of Self-Stigma of Seeking Help among Filipino College Students
Dizon, A. A. C., Mandap, D. N. S., David, A., Intal, S. F. R., Moran, A. J. A., Vergara, J. Q., & Cantilero, K. A. S. (2025) · International Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Business and Education Research · doi:10.11594/ijmaber.06.09.06
Duthie, G., Xu, H., Morgan, A. J., & Reavley, N. J. (2025) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daaf170
“2020, Staiger et al .”
Yamagishi, S., & Shichiji, S. (2025) · The Kitakanto Medical Journal · doi:10.2974/kmj.75.255
Stiawa, M., Nickel, P., Krieg, G., Senk, K., Kilian, R., Lamp, N., Panzirsch, M., & Krumm, S. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0336209
“However, recent studies show that men manage depression in diverse ways shaped by gender norms that only partly reflect traditional masculinity [17–19].”
Self-citationŞen, V., & Kocabıyık, N. A. (2025) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106185 · Cited by 1
Promoting Gender Equality and Healthy Relationships
Mutinta, G. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-04508-9_6
Santos, B. C. M., Campos, B. M. T., Domingos, A. B. D. M., Trajano, E. T. L., & Trajano, L. A. D. S. N. (2025) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941251409173
The Impact of a One-Time Group Pain Management Educational Session in Primary Care
Howell, A. A., Rider, J. V., & Edgeworth, R. (2026) · Occupational Therapy In Health Care · doi:10.1080/07380577.2025.2609718
Understanding pernicious anaemia: symptomatology and its impact on wellbeing and daily functioning.
Seage, C. H., Marshall, H., McKnight, C., & James, D. (2026) · Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1007/s44162-026-00159-5
“This may again reflect self-selection bias: women may be more likely to join healthcare support groups (Owen, Goldstein, Lee, Breen & Rowland (Owen et al. 2007) and participate in health research (Krizek et al., 1999) compared to men (Staiger et al. 2020).”
Mälarstig, I., Tyrberg, M. J., Spännargård, Å., Garke, M. Å., Lundgren, T., & Alfonsson, S. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-111332
“Youth in secure care represents one of the most disadvantaged groups, with high rates of adversity 55 and severe problems often exceeding the capacity of less restrictive settings.”
González-González, A., Román, J. D., Levy, R., Tello, N. M., Hamui, S. S., & Ocampo, D. B. (2026) · Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana · doi:10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.15489
Pan, Z., Zheng, M., Guo, M., Lan, Y., Yang, H. J., Xu, Z., Ni, H., Wang, A., Jin, Z., & Wang, L. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8607092/v1
Erken Yaşta Evlilik ve Babalık: Van’da Nitel Bir Saha Çalışması
Tuğrul, Y. G. (2026) · Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.53568/yyusbed.1664391
Maharani, K. P., & Afifah, W. (2026) · Linguistics Initiative · doi:10.53696/27753719.61396
“As Staiger et al. (2020) argue, Strong adherence to traditional masculine norms often hinders men from expressing emotional vulnerability and seeking help, which can contribute to extended emotional suffering.”
Depressive Symptoms, Hazardous Alcohol Use, and Suicidality in Bipolar Disorder
Katz, J. L., Fiskeaux, M. L., & Lamis, D. A. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70131
Policy Blind Spots: How Gender-Neutral Financial Policy Fails Men in Crisis
Craft, A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11276-7_15
Taha, M., & de Gracia, M. R. L. (2026) · Gender Issues · doi:10.1007/s12147-026-09411-0 · Cited by 1
“‘Masculinity’ broadly encompasses traditional male roles, societal norms and behaviours considered appropriate for men (Connor et al., 2021), such as emotional stoicism and fulfilling the role of the ‘breadwinner’ (Gorski, 2010; Staiger et al., 2020; Way et al., 2014).”
InfluentialWon, T., & Won, Y.-J. (2026) · 보건교육·건강증진학회지 · doi:10.14367/kjhep.2026.43.1.71
Exploring psychosocial outcomes of fly-fishing retreats for cancer survivors: A qualitative study
Forsyth, L., Robinson, N., Claringbold, G., Walker, A., & White, V. (2026) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2026.102055
Baulckim, L. T. (2026) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580261441133
“13,44 Thus, reinforcing the study’s research question and investigation into if the effect of administering psychometric tools like the PHQ-9, paired with intentional, structured conversations during primary care visits affect cisgender males’ willingness to report depressive symptoms, and the…”
Carlsund, Å., Hörnsten, Å., Hoosen, F., Amoah, S., & Otten, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare · doi:10.3389/fcdhc.2026.1793053
“Qualitative studies on masculinity and health have shown that norms emphasizing self-reliance, emotional restraint, and personal responsibility may lead to men ’ s hesitation to seek support, even when challenges are acknowledged (33, 34).”
Brattland, T. L. L., Larsen, M. D., & Bojanić, I. (2026) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-026-03115-2
Schaffler, Y., Haider, K., Humer, E. C., Schweitzer, E., Probst, T., Pieh, C., & Schigl, B. (2026) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.70086
Emotional eating, self-compassion, and body image among adult men in Türkiye
Sahin, C., & Çağlar, E. E. (2026) · Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.57127/kpd.26024438.1820596
McAlister, K. L., Jewell, C. C., & Huberty, J. (2026) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/95811
“GenAI conversational agents may better engage populations that traditionally underutilize mental health services [25, 26].”
Yetunde, K. A., Ajoke, A. R., James, A. A., & Biliaminu, A. (2026) · African Journal of Health Nursing and Midwifery · doi:10.52589/ajhnm-uhkobu1x
Zhang, S., Lu, N., & Sun, Y. W. (2026) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2026.2700194
Tong, L., Panagiotopoulou, O.-M., Miguel, C., Harrer, M., Amarnath, A., Čihařová, M., Gemmill, A. W., Salamanca-Sanabria, A., Williams, A. D., Fonseca, A., et al. (2026) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-026-00707-4
“Male participants may be less engaged in mental health services owing to social norms around emotional disclosure 24 .”
Prevalence of Depression in Hemodialysis Patients: A Meta‐Analysis
Li, Y., Liu, Y., Wu, S., He, W., Li, Y. H., Tian, J., Li, L., & Wu, W. (2026) · Seminars in Dialysis · doi:10.1111/sdi.70043
“This sex disparity may stem from women being more likely to express emotional distress, thereby being identified during screening; while men tend to conceal emotional issues, which may manifest as physical symptoms or risky behaviors (such as treatment non-compliance) [38].”
Eating disorders and the incel community
Murphy, S., & Roddy, D. W. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1940859
Higuchi, N., Matsubara, T., Murata, S., Asada, H., Hayashi, K., & Nakagawa, S. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.09.007
Yadav, A. (2026) · The Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10045-00479
Cai, C., Wang, Y., You, Y., Zhou, Z., Wang, Z., Du, L., Cai, W., Bai, G., & Yan, W. (2026) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpn3.70586
Loneliness and all-cause mortality in the United States
Akinyemi, O. A., Eze, O., Fasokun, M. E., Mba-Madubuike, I., Ogundipe, T., Singleton, D., Ogunsakin, A., Khalil, S., Gordon, K., Michael, M. B., et al. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0354773
Adeniji, M., Satherley, R., & Poole, L. (2026) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501319261496262
Görünmeyen Kırılganlık: Erkeklerde Duygusal Bastırma, Ruh Sağlığı ve Sosyal Hizmet
Yılkan, İ. (2026) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub1485.c5924
Wens, I., Giesen, A., Joniau, S., Everaerts, W., TOMBAL, B. F., & Huys, I. (2026) · PEC Global · doi:10.1016/j.pecglo.2026.100036
Nanbu, H., Tanji, F., Kawajiri, M., & Nishimoto, D. (2026) · Journal of Japan Academy of Nursing Science · doi:10.5630/jans.46.915
Metadata
- Authors
- Staiger, T., Stiawa, M., Mueller-Stierlin, A. S., Kilian, R., Beschoner, P., Gündel, H., Becker, T., Frasch, K., Panzirsch, M., Schmauß, M., & Krumm, S.
- Affiliations
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- University of Augsburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Staiger, Tobias
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-11-24
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 599039-599039
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7732518
- OpenAlex
- W3106546635
- Semantic Scholar
- f0c128eca3d26e5ecc489f8d7104ab605ca55fcf
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 19.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- OPen Access Repositorium der Universität Ulm (OPARU) (Ulm University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OPUS (Augsburg University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Universität Ulm, Kommunikations- und Informationszentrum (kiz) (cc-by)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- masculinity, help-seeking, male depression, masculine norms, mental health service utilization, gender-sensitive services, salutogenic perspective, stigma, attitudes toward depression, family environment, general practitioners, peer-led intervention
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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