The longitudinal course of non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm: A systematic review of the literature
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Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) has been proposed as diagnostic entity and was added to the section 3 of the DSM 5. Nevertheless, little is known about the long-term course of this disorder and many studies have pointed to the fact that NSSI seems to be volatile over time. We aimed to assemble studies providing longitudinal data about NSSI and furthermore included studies using the definition of deliberate self-harm (DSH) to broaden the epidemiological picture. Using a systematic search strategy, we were able to retrieve 32 studies reporting longitudinal data about NSSI and DSH. We furthermore aimed to describe predictors for the occurrence of NSSI and DSH that were identified in these longitudinal studies. Taken together, there is evidence for an increase in rates of NSSI and DSH in adolescence with a decline in young adulthood. With regards to predictors, rates of depressive symptoms and female gender were often reported as predictor for both NSSI and DSH.
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Motivations for suicidal versus non-suicidal behaviors may differ, possibly explaining why NSSI often stops in adulthood while STB may persist.
“the motivation for engaging in suicidal (e.g., intolerance of psychological pain (10); perceived burdensomeness (11)) versus non-suicidal behaviors (e.g., self-punishment (12); social signaling (13)) also may differ, perhaps influencing why NSSI often desists in adulthood (14), whereas STB may persist (15, 16).”
From Neural correlates associated with suicide and nonsuicidal self-injury in youth (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
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- Authors
- Plener, P. L., Schumacher, T. S., Munz, L. M., & Groschwitz, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Plener, Paul L
- ORCID
- Plener, Paul L
- Venue
- Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 2
- ISSN
- 2051-6673 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4579518
- OpenAlex
- W2098870640
- Cited by
- 704
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 72 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 105 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 3.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Keywords
- non-suicidal self-injury, self-harm, longitudinal course, adolescence, early adulthood, depressive symptoms, female gender, DSM-5
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