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Cited by 1Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderFunctional Brain Connectivity StudiesNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

Abnormal functional connectivity associated with emotional dysregulation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Open access
Li, Sixun, Luo, Tingting, Wang, Meiwen, Situ, Mingjing, Liu, Pei, Huang, Yi·2025·Frontiers in Psychiatry
DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1700693PMC PMC12696573
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Abstract

Objective: Emotional dysregulation(ED) is very common in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), ADHD children with ED experience more severe academic, social and quality-of-life dysfunction. Understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms and processes underpinning the ADHD with ED is sparse, this study aims to explore the distinct functional connectivity in specific group of ADHD children with ED by comparing with ADHD children without ED as well as typical development controls (TDCs). Method: A total of 77 ADHD with ED, 53 ADHD without ED and 55 matched typical TDCs were recruited. All participants completed clinical assessments and underwent resting-state functional MRI. Seed-based analysis was used to define the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the amygdala, and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analysis was then performed using DPABI software. We employed one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and post-hoc tests to identify the main RSFC differences among these three groups. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the relationship between RSFC and ED scores in the ADHD with ED group. Results: ADHD Children with ED exhibited increased RSFC between the DLPFC and the orbitofrontal middle gyrus (OFC)/precuneus, alongside decreased RSFC between the DLPFC and the triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), as well as between the amygdala and the left middle occipital gyrus/superior occipital gyrus/postcentral gyrus (GRF correction, voxel level p < 0.001, cluster level p < 0.05, two-tailed). Additionally, RSFC between the DLPFC and OFC was found to be negatively correlated with ED symptom severity in the ADHD with ED group (r = -0.32, p = 0.005), while no significant association was found between ED symptoms and amygdala-seeded RSFC in this group. Conclusion: We demonstrated abnormal functional connectivity between the DLPFC and the OFC, and between the amygdala and the left middle occipital gyrus/superior occipital. These findings may provide theoretical support for early identification of ADHD children with ED and intervention targets for future neuromodulation.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This cross-sectional resting-state fMRI study compared seed-based functional connectivity in children with ADHD with emotional dysregulation (ED), ADHD without ED, and typically developing controls. ADHD with ED showed distinct prefrontal and amygdala connectivity abnormalities, with DLPFC–orbitofrontal connectivity negatively correlated with ED severity.

Key findings

  • Among 77 ADHD+ED, 53 ADHD−ED, and 55 TDC children, ADHD+ED showed increased RSFC between the DLPFC and the middle orbital gyrus (p = 0.007) and precuneus (p = 0.008), and decreased RSFC between the DLPFC and the triangular inferior frontal gyrus (p = 0.04) compared with ADHD−ED and TDCs.
  • Amygdala-seeded analyses showed ADHD+ED had decreased RSFC between the right amygdala and the left middle occipital gyrus (p < 0.001), left superior occipital gyrus (p = 0.04), and left postcentral gyrus (p = 0.003) compared with ADHD−ED; ADHD+ED also showed decreased left amygdala–left cuneus RSFC versus TDCs (p < 0.001).
  • DLPFC–middle orbital gyrus RSFC was negatively correlated with ED symptom severity in the ADHD+ED group; the abstract reports r = −0.32, p = 0.005, while the Results section reports r = −0.29, p = 0.016. No significant association was found between amygdala-seeded RSFC and ED symptoms in this group (p > 0.05).

Methods

  • Cross-sectional case-control study: 160 drug-naïve, right-handed children with ADHD aged 6–14 years and IQ > 80 were recruited, plus 80 age- and sex-matched TDCs; after exclusions for head motion, the analyzed sample was 77 ADHD+ED, 53 ADHD−ED, and 55 TDCs.
  • ED was operationalized using the CBCL Anxiety/Depression, Attention, and Aggression subscales, with a summed T-score ≥ 180 indicating ED symptoms.
  • Resting-state fMRI data were processed in DPABI; seed-based RSFC used DLPFC/mPFC and amygdala seeds, with one-way ANCOVA (covariates: age, IQ, gender, SNAP-IV scores, mean FD), GRF correction (voxel p < 0.001, cluster p < 0.05, two-tailed), post-hoc t-tests, and Pearson correlations with ED scores.

Limitations

  • The authors state that only DLPFC/vmPFC and amygdala seeds were selected, although other regions such as the ACC may be involved in ADHD+ED; ED was measured using CBCL subscale totals, and alternative ED tools may yield different results; the study is cross-sectional; and the sample size was relatively modest.
  • The text makes evident an inconsistency between the abstract and Results for the DLPFC–OFC correlation with ED severity (r = −0.32, p = 0.005 vs r = −0.29, p = 0.016), which should be noted when interpreting that finding.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1700693

Cites

31 of 31 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

12 of 24 cited sources checked · 6 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    ADHD with ED is associated with significantly more severe ADHD symptoms.

    “ADHD with ED had significantly more severe symptoms of ADHD (7)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Biederman, 2020, Toward operationalizing deficient emotional self-regulation in newly referred adults with ADHD: A receiver operator characteristic curve analysis, Eur psychiatry: J Assoc Eur Psychiatrists source
  • Premisecitation

    ADHD with ED is associated with more severe quality-of-life dysfunction.

    “quality-of-life dysfunctioning (10)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Ben-Dor Cohen, 2021, Emotional dysregulation and health related quality of life in young adults with ADHD: a cross sectional study, Health Qual Life outcomes source
  • Premisecitation

    Previous studies on irritability in youth with disruptive behavior and mood disorders implicate the middle occipital gyrus.

    “This is consistent with previous studies on irritability in youth with disruptive behavior and mood disorders, in which middle occipital gyrus was also involved (30).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] Suk, 2023, Mediating effect of amygdala activity on response to fear vs. happiness in youth with significant levels of irritability and disruptive mood and behavior disorders, Front Behav Neurosci source
  • Premisecitation

    Dysfunction within this loop may underlie deficits in delay of gratification, reinforcement sensitivity, and effort-related decision making, which are characteristic of ADHD motivation and emotional regulation styles.

    “Dysfunction within this loop may underlie deficits in delay of gratification, reinforcement sensitivity, and effort-related decision making, which are characteristic of ADHD motivation and emotional regulation styles (26).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Plichta, 2014, Ventral-striatal responsiveness during reward anticipation in ADHD and its relation to trait impulsivity in the healthy population: a meta-analytic review of the fMRI literature, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source

      Section 2 links altered dopamine-based reward processing in ADHD to preference for immediate rewards, abnormal reinforcement sensitivity, and a motivational style partly associated with negative emotions during waiting. It does not establish deficits in effort-related decision making or specifically attribute all three deficits to dysfunction within the cited loop. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    No significant association was found between ED symptoms and amygdala-seeded RSFC in the ADHD+ED group (p > 0.05).

    “no significant association was observed between amygdala-seeded RSFC and ED symptoms scores in the ADHD+ED group (p > 0.05)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 19
  • May combine two claims. 14
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 4

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Previous neuroimaging studies have implicated the prefrontal cortex and amygdala in the pathophysiology of ED in ADHD.

    “Previous neuroimaging studies have implicated several key brain regions in the pathophysiology of ED in ADHD, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala (3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Shaw, 2014, Emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Am J Psychiatry source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Only one study has subdivided ADHD patients into groups with high and low ED to explore their unique functional connectivity characteristics, and found that the effect sizes for the patterns of amygdala-cortical FC in ADHD participants with low ED were smaller than ADHD participants with the high ED and TDC groups.

    “only one study has subdivided ADHD patients into groups with high and low ED to explore their unique functional connectivity characteristics, and found that the effect sizes for the patterns of amygdala-cortical FC in ADHD participants with low ED were smaller than ADHD participants with the high ED and TDC groups (15).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Hulvershorn, 2014, Abnormal amygdala functional connectivity associated with emotional lability in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Emotional dysregulation is a common and distinct feature in individuals with ADHD, estimated to affect 25-45% of children with ADHD.

    “emotional dysregulation (ED) has been increasingly recognized as a common and distinct feature in individuals with ADHD which estimated to affect 25–45% of children with ADHD (3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Shaw, 2014, Emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Am J Psychiatry source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A study on the high ED group revealed enhanced intrinsic functional connectivity patterns between the amygdala and the ACC/insula/STG in the high ED group.

    “revealing an enhanced intrinsic functional connectivity patterns between the amygdala–ACC/insula/STG in the high ED group (15).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Hulvershorn, 2014, Abnormal amygdala functional connectivity associated with emotional lability in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source

      The Results (Group Amygdala iFC Comparisons) report a trend toward greater positive amygdala–ACC connectivity in the high-EL group. But connectivity between the amygdala and insula/STG trended lower, not higher, so the claimed enhancement across all three regions is not supported. The paper calls the group differences trends rather than significant findings. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Previous studies suggest that the neuroimaging mechanisms of ED in ADHD patients may involve both the DLPFC and the OFC, and the OFC is implicated in deficits related to the early orienting and perception of emotional stimuli.

    “This is consistent with previous studies suggesting that the neuroimaging mechanisms of ED in ADHD patients may involve both the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and the OFC is implicated in deficits related to the early orienting and perception of emotional stimuli (3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Shaw, 2014, Emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Am J Psychiatry source

      In Section 2: Pathophysiology (page not provided), the paper implicates the OFC in emotion dysregulation in ADHD. It discusses early orienting and perception deficits, but links early visual-emotion processing deficits to amygdala dysfunction, not specifically to the OFC. Its summary names medial and ventrolateral prefrontal regions rather than the DLPFC as major top-down contributors. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A second fronto-striatal circuit involving the nucleus accumbens and orbitofrontal cortex has been proposed to be associated with ADHD.

    “a second fronto-striatal circuit involving the nucleus accumbens and orbitofrontal cortex has been proposed to be associated with ADHD (23–25).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [23] Bralten, 2016, Voxel-based morphometry analysis reveals frontal brain differences in participants with ADHD and their unaffected siblings, J Psychiatry neuroscience: Jpn source

      The Discussion (page not provided) says that ADHD subtyping has been proposed based in part on an orbitofrontal–striatal circuit, supporting the proposed association with ADHD. It does not identify the nucleus accumbens as part of that circuit, and the study reports no structural differences in the corresponding subcortical regions. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [24] Albaugh, 2019, Ventromedial prefrontal volume in adolescence predicts hyperactive/inattentive symptoms in adulthood, Cereb Cortex (New York NY: 1991) source

      The Introduction links the orbitofrontal component of the vmPFC to ADHD, and the Discussion reports reduced ventral-striatal reward responses in ADHD samples. The Discussion mentions the nucleus accumbens only in a study of patients with vmPFC lesions, not ADHD; our copy does not explicitly propose the specific nucleus accumbens–orbitofrontal circuit described in the claim. Page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [25] Albaugh, 2017, Inattention and reaction time variability are linked to ventromedial prefrontal volume in adolescents, Biol Psychiatry source

      The Introduction reports ADHD-related abnormalities in the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex, and the Results link ADHD symptoms to orbital lateral prefrontal volume (page numbers unavailable). The paper does not identify a second fronto-striatal circuit involving the nucleus accumbens and orbitofrontal cortex. (LLM, conf=0.79)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    ADHD+ED group showed decreased RSFC between the right amygdala and the left superior occipital gyrus compared to TDCs (p = 0.009).

    “Amy.R—SOG.L | 43 | -20 | -65 | 20 | 3.84 | 0.18 | ADHD+ED< ADHD-ED,TDC”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The ANCOVA among the three groups revealed significant differences in RSFC between the left amygdala and the left cuneus, and between the right amygdala and the left middle occipital gyrus, left superior occipital gyrus, and left postcentral gyrus.

    “The ANCOVA test among the three groups revealed significant differences in RSFC values between the left amygdala and the left cuneus, as well as between the right amygdala and the left middle occipital gyrus, left superior occipital gyrus and left postcentral gyrus”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    ADHD+ED group showed decreased RSFC between the right amygdala and the left middle occipital gyrus compared to TDCs (p = 0.003).

    “Amy.R—MOG.L | 23 | -27.5 | -77.5 | 15 | 7.85 | 0.14 | ADHD+ED< ADHD-ED,TDC”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The ANCOVA among the three groups revealed significant differences in RSFC between the DLPFC and the middle orbital gyrus, precuneus, and triangular inferior frontal gyrus, and between the medial prefrontal cortex and the angular gyrus.

    “The ANCOVA test among the three groups revealed significant differences in RSFC values between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(DLPFC) and the middle orbital gyrus, precuneus and triangular inferior frontal gyrus, and between the medial prefrontal cortex and the angular gyrus”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    ADHD+ED group showed decreased RSFC between the left amygdala and the left cuneus compared to TDCs (p < 0.001).

    “Amy.L—CUN.L | 32 | -15 | -67.5 | 22.5 | 7.08 | 0.21 | ADHD+ED, ADHD-ED<TDC”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    ADHD+ED group showed decreased RSFC between the right amygdala and the left postcentral gyrus compared to TDCs (p = 0.04).

    “Amy.R—PoCG.L | 23 | -37.5 | -40 | 60 | 4.58 | 0.12 | ADHD+ED< ADHD-ED,TDC”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The prefrontal cortex and amygdala are integral to emotional processing, regulation, and cognitive control.

    “These regions are integral to emotional processing, regulation, and cognitive control (12).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Blakemore, 2008, The social brain in adolescence, Nat Rev Neurosci source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The medial prefrontal cortex is involved in social cognitive processes, including theory of mind and understanding social emotions.

    “the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is involved in social cognitive processes, including theory of mind and understanding social emotions (12).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Blakemore, 2008, The social brain in adolescence, Nat Rev Neurosci source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    This study is a cross-sectional study, which limits the reliability of interpreting and verifying the results from a longitudinal dynamic perspective.

    “this study is a cross-sectional study, which limits the reliability of interpreting and verifying the results from a longitudinal dynamic perspective.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    These findings may provide theoretical support for early identification of ADHD children with ED and intervention targets for future neuromodulation.

    “These findings may provide theoretical support for early identification of ADHD children with ED and intervention targets for future neuromodulation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Few studies have systematically distinguished ADHD patients with and without ED, nor have they thoroughly examined the functional connectivity of key brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex, in this particular group of ADHD children.

    “few studies have systematically distinguished ADHD patients with and without ED, nor have they thoroughly examined the functional connectivity of key brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex, in this particular group of ADHD children.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study utilized a relatively modest sample size.

    “our study utilized a relatively modest sample size.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The amygdala is a central region for emotional responses, particularly in processing negative emotions.

    “the amygdala is a central region for emotional responses, particularly in processing negative emotions”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Adolphs, 2005, A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage, Nature source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A fronto-striato-thalamic circuit is involved in the etiology of ADHD, comprising reciprocal connections between the caudate, putamen, thalamus, supplementary motor area, lateral prefrontal cortex, and parietal lobe.

    “a fronto-striato-thalamic circuit has been involved in etiology of ADHD, comprising reciprocal connections between the caudate, putamen, thalamus, supplementary motor area, lateral prefrontal cortex, and parietal lobe.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [21] Norman, 2016, Structural and functional brain abnormalities in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A comparative meta-analysis, JAMA Psychiatry source
    • cites [22] Arnsten, 2012, Neurobiological circuits regulating attention, cognitive control, motivation, and emotion: disruptions in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    The neurobiological mechanisms underlying the co-occurrence of ADHD and ED remain poorly understood, particularly in children.

    “the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the co-occurrence of ADHD and ED remain poorly understood, particularly in children”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is primarily responsible for executive function and emotion regulation.

    “the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is primarily responsible for executive function and emotion regulation”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Blakemore, 2008, The social brain in adolescence, Nat Rev Neurosci source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala may lead to heightened emotional responses and increased impulsive behavior.

    “Dysfunction in the above areas may lead to heightened emotional responses and increased impulsive behavior (13).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Davidson, 2000, Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation–a possible prelude to violence, Sci (New York NY) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    There were no significant differences in gender, age, and intelligence among the ADHD+ED, ADHD-ED, and TDC groups.

    “The results showed that there were no significant differences in gender, age and intelligence among the three groups (gender: χ2 = 4.57, p = 0.10, age: F = 1.31, p = 0.27, intelligence: F = 2.21, p = 0.09).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Thirty participants with ADHD and 25 TDC were excluded from further analyses due to excessive head movements (>3.0 mm translation or >3.0 degrees rotation).

    “30 participants with ADHD and 25 in TDC were excluded from further analyses due to excessive head movements (>3.0 mm of translation or >3.0 degrees of rotation in any direction).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Pearson correlation analysis used age, IQ, and core ADHD symptoms as covariates.

    “Pearson correlation analysis with age, IQ, and core ADHD symptoms as covariates (statistical significance level P < 0.05) was made”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Functional connectivity between the DLPFC and the OFC/precuneus as well as the triangular IFG may be involved in ED in ADHD.

    “it can be inferred that functional connectivity between the DLPFC and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)/precuneus as well as the triangular inferior frontal gyrus(IFG) maybe involved in the ED in ADHD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    The ANCOVA used age, intelligence, gender, SNAP-IV scores, and mean FD as nuisance covariates.

    “a one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted in a voxel-wise manner with age, intelligence, gender, SNAP-IV scores, and mean FD as nuisance covariates”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The corrected P value for ANCOVA was set at P < 0.05 using the Gaussian random field (GRF) method (voxel P < 0.001, cluster P < 0.05, two-tailed).

    “The corrected P value for ANCOVA was set at P < 0.05 using the Gaussian random field (GRF) method (voxel P value < 0.001, cluster P value < 0.05, two-tailed).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    This fronto-striato-thalamic circuit is critical to executive functions, including working memory and inhibitory control, known to be impaired in ADHD.

    “This circuit is critical to executive functions, including working memory and inhibitory control, known to be impaired in ADHD (21, 22).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [21] Norman, 2016, Structural and functional brain abnormalities in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A comparative meta-analysis, JAMA Psychiatry source
    • cites [22] Arnsten, 2012, Neurobiological circuits regulating attention, cognitive control, motivation, and emotion: disruptions in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
30 of 30

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Precuneus connectivity is ordered oppositely for ADHD+ED and controls

    Major

    Table 2 places TDCs above ADHD+ED for this connection, whereas the Results describe increased connectivity in ADHD+ED relative to TDCs.

  • The DLPFC-orbitofrontal correlation has two reported results

    Major

    The Abstract and Results give different correlation coefficients and p-values for the association between this connectivity and ED severity in the ADHD+ED group.

  • Orbitofrontal connectivity is ordered oppositely for ADHD+ED and controls

    Major

    Table 2 places the TDC group above the ADHD+ED group for this connection. The Results instead say ADHD+ED has increased connectivity relative to TDCs.

  • Inferior frontal connectivity is ordered oppositely for ADHD+ED and controls

    Major

    Table 2 places ADHD+ED above TDCs for this connection, but the Results state that ADHD+ED has decreased connectivity relative to TDCs.

  • Figure 3 significance label conflicts with the reported p-value

    Minor

    The Results report p = 0.016 for the DLPFC-middle orbital gyrus correlation, while the caption labels that correlation p < 0.01 after Bonferroni correction.

5 of 5

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Authors
Li, S., Luo, T., Wang, M., Situ, M., Liu, P., & Huang, Y.
Affiliations
Sichuan University (CN)
Corresponding author
Huang, Yi
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Psychiatry
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2025-11-27
Volume
16
Pages
1700693-1700693
ISSN
1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1700693
PMC
PMC12696573
OpenAlex
W4416765380
Semantic Scholar
39c1945628fa07362ea6ed864aaa5ee668ead803
Cited by
1
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 1
FWCI
0.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province
  • Sichuan University
  • National Key Research and Development Program of China
  • West China Hospital, Sichuan University
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, emotional dysregulation, resting-state functional connectivity, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, precuneus, inferior frontal gyrus, occipital cortex, symptom severity, children

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