Developing a reliable welfare assessment tool for captive hibernatory bear species

Maher, Chloe J.; Gibson, Angela; Dixon, Laura M.; Bacon, Heather

doi:10.3390/ani11113090

Cited by 13Animal Behavior and Welfare StudiesVeterinary Pharmacology and AnesthesiaWildlife Ecology and Conservation

Developing a reliable welfare assessment tool for captive hibernatory bear species

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Maher, Chloe J., Gibson, Angela, Dixon, Laura M., Bacon, Heather·2021·Animals

DOI 10.3390/ani11113090PMC PMC8614556

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Abstract

Animal welfare assessments are essential for the identification of welfare hazards and benchmarking of welfare improvements, though welfare assessments for zoo species are lacking. Bears are commonly housed in zoos but currently no composite welfare assessment tool exists for captive bears. This study describes the development of such a tool for use across hibernating bear species. A draft tool was developed using indicators derived from the literature and a modified Delphi analysis with an international group of bear keepers. A total of 18 bear keepers from 12 zoos were recruited to trial the tool on 24 brown bears and American black bears. The participating keepers assessed their bears three times across a period of nine days. Intraclass correlation coefficients analysis was used to analyse inter-, intra-rater and item reliability. The inter- and intra-rater reliability showed good to excellent levels of agreement (>0.7, p < 0.05). Item reliability was also assessed and showed good to excellent levels of agreement (>0.75, p < 0.05). The resulting bear welfare assessment is an important step in identifying and understanding challenges to bear welfare in captivity.

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Sorted by citations

Comparison of animal welfare assessment tools and methodologies: need for an effective approach for captive elephants in Asia
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Authors: Maher, C. J., Gibson, A., Dixon, L. M., & Bacon, H.
Affiliations: University of Edinburgh (GB)
The Oakland Zoo, 9777 Golf Links Rd, Oakland, CA 94605, USA
Roslin Institute (GB)
University of Lancashire (GB)
Corresponding author: Maher, Chloe J.
ORCID: Maher, Chloe J.
Dixon, Laura M.
Bacon, Heather
Venue: Animals
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2021-10-29
Volume: 11
Issue: 11
Pages: 3090
ISSN: 2076-2615 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/ani11113090
PMC: PMC8614556
OpenAlex: W3210617831
Cited by: 13
References: 79
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2021: 1
FWCI: 2.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Animals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) (acceptedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: European Association of Zoos and Aquaria
Topics: Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Pharmacology and Anesthesia
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
Keywords: animal welfare assessment, captive bears, hibernation, zoo animals, brown bear, Ursus americanus, welfare indicators, Delphi method, inter-rater reliability, intra-rater reliability

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Developing a reliable welfare assessment tool for captive hibernatory bear species

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