An animal welfare risk assessment process for zoos
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There is a growing interest and need for zoos to develop and implement welfare assessment tools that are practical to use and provide meaningful results that can inform management decisions. This paper presents a process that was developed to support this type of evidence-based management in zoo animal welfare. The process is configured to facilitate institutional risk assessment, using an adapted version of the Five Domains Model for animal welfare assessment. It is designed to systematically analyse information gathered from zoo personnel in order to highlight areas of welfare risk, as well as areas that are performing well and areas requiring further investigation. A trial was conducted on three zoos over three years. Results of the trial suggest the process developed is practical and effective in identifying areas of welfare risk in a wide range of species in a zoo setting. It represents a further step towards achieving high-level animal welfare in zoos by integrating animal welfare as an institutional priority. The more zoos that employ such strategies, the greater the ability of the sector to advance the welfare of the animals in their care.
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The potential for positive bias in mahout ratings, influenced by personal attitudes and care for specific animals, raises concerns about the objectivity of assessments.
“The potential for positive bias in mahout ratings, influenced by personal attitudes and care for specific animals, also raises concerns about the objectivity of assessments (67).”
From Comparison of animal welfare assessment tools and methodologies: need for an effective approach for captive elephants in Asia (2024) · cites this paper as [67]
The Discussion (§§4.1 and 4.3; page not provided) warns that zoo keepers may score welfare too positively if they think the scores reflect the quality of their care. It does not discuss mahouts or establish that attitudes toward, or care for, specific animals cause such bias in mahout ratings. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAWRAP uses five animal-based and 15 resource-based measures divided into environment, behavior, physical health/nutrition, and husbandry, scored from 0 (highest overall welfare risk) to 2 (lowest risk) based on keeper assessments.
“The AWRAP was built on the Universal Welfare Assessment Framework and uses five animal-based and 15 resource-based measures divided into the environment, behavior, physical health/nutrition, and husbandry (67). These measures are scored from 0 (highest overall welfare risk) to 2 (lowest risk) based on keeper assessments.”
From Comparison of animal welfare assessment tools and methodologies: need for an effective approach for captive elephants in Asia (2024) · cites this paper as [67]
Section 2.2 (page unavailable) confirms the five animal-based and 15 resource-based measures and the four named domains; Section 2.3 confirms that average overall welfare-risk scores range from 0 (highest risk) to 2 (lowest risk). But Section 1.4 identifies the Five Domains Model, not the Universal Welfare Assessment Framework, as the framework for this process. Section 2.2 also says scoring was a group judgment by keepers, veterinarians, managers, and a welfare specialist—not keeper assessments alone. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredObjective welfare scores allow the recording of welfare changes over time and assist accreditation schemes in determining if an organization meets welfare requirements.
“Objective welfare scores allow the recording of welfare changes over time (25) and assist accreditation schemes in determining if an organization meets welfare requirements (67).”
From Comparison of animal welfare assessment tools and methodologies: need for an effective approach for captive elephants in Asia (2024) · cites this paper as [67]
The Introduction (§1.1) says the Zoo and Aquarium Association has a welfare-based accreditation process requiring documented guiding principles on animal welfare. The Data Analysis section (§2.3) describes welfare scores, but our copy does not say accreditation schemes use those scores to determine whether an organization meets welfare requirements. This verdict addresses the accreditation clause attached to citation (67), not the change-over-time clause attached to (25). (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAWRAP designates enclosure values below the lowest 5th percentile threshold as 'at highest risk' with immediate welfare action advised.
“Enclosure values below that limit are designated “at highest risk” with immediate welfare action advised, leading to positive management changes and facility adjustments.”
From Comparison of animal welfare assessment tools and methodologies: need for an effective approach for captive elephants in Asia (2024) · cites this paper as [67]
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Comparing Manual and Automated Spatial Tracking of Captive Spider Monkeys Using Heatmaps
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Self-citationDevelopment of a welfare assessment tool for tourist camp elephants in Asia
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Automated Activity Tracking and Space Use Monitoring of Captive Jaguars with Machine Learning
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- Authors
- Sherwen, S. L., Hemsworth, L. M., Beausoleil, N. J., Embury, A., & Mellor, D. J.
- Affiliations
- Zoos Victoria (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Massey University (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Sherwen, Sally L.
- Venue
- Animals
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-07-28
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 130
- ISSN
- 2076-2615 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6116011
- OpenAlex
- W2887461774
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 11.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Animals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Pharmacology and Anesthesia
- Social Sciences › Law › Animal Law and Welfare
- Keywords
- zoo animal welfare, Five Domains Model, evidence-based management, welfare assessment tools, captive animals
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