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Cited by 677Cancer Risks and FactorsObesity, Physical Activity, DietCancer, Lipids, and Metabolism

Obesity and Cancer: A Current Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Outcomes, and Management

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Pati, Sukanya, Irfan, Wadeed, Jameel, Ahmad, Ahmed, Shahid, Shahid, Rabia K.·2023·Cancers
DOI 10.3390/cancers15020485PMC PMC9857053
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Abstract

Background: Obesity or excess body fat is a major global health challenge that has not only been associated with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease but is also a major risk factor for the development of and mortality related to a subgroup of cancer. This review focuses on epidemiology, the relationship between obesity and the risk associated with the development and recurrence of cancer and the management of obesity. Methods: A literature search using PubMed and Google Scholar was performed and the keywords ‘obesity’ and cancer’ were used. The search was limited to research papers published in English prior to September 2022 and focused on studies that investigated epidemiology, the pathogenesis of cancer, cancer incidence and the risk of recurrence, and the management of obesity. Results: About 4–8% of all cancers are attributed to obesity. Obesity is a risk factor for several major cancers, including post-menopausal breast, colorectal, endometrial, kidney, esophageal, pancreatic, liver, and gallbladder cancer. Excess body fat results in an approximately 17% increased risk of cancer-specific mortality. The relationship between obesity and the risk associated with the development of cancer and its recurrence is not fully understood and involves altered fatty acid metabolism, extracellular matrix remodeling, the secretion of adipokines and anabolic and sex hormones, immune dysregulation, and chronic inflammation. Obesity may also increase treatment-related adverse effects and influence treatment decisions regarding specific types of cancer therapy. Structured exercise in combination with dietary support and behavior therapy are effective interventions. Treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues and bariatric surgery result in more rapid weight loss and can be considered in selected cancer survivors. Conclusions: Obesity increases cancer risk and mortality. Weight-reducing strategies in obesity-associated cancers are important interventions as a key component of cancer care. Future studies are warranted to further elucidate the complex relationship between obesity and cancer with the identification of targets for effective interventions.

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  • Obesity is associated with increased risk for 13 types of cancer that account for more than 40% of cancer diagnoses annually.

    “Obesity is associated with increased risk for 13 types of cancer that account for more than 40% of cancer diagnoses annually.99,133,134”

    From Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [133]

    Section 6 (Obesity and Cancer Risk; page not provided) reports strong evidence linking obesity to increased risk of 13 cancers. The paper does not state that those 13 cancer types account for more than 40% of annual cancer diagnoses; its 4–8% figure in Section 4 measures the proportion of cancers attributed to obesity, which is a different quantity. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Obesity increases cancer risk by stimulating anabolic signalling pathways, altering hormone regulation, increasing inflammation, inducing DNA damage, and impairing DNA repair mechanisms, although specific mechanisms of action remain somewhat unclear.

    “Obesity increases cancer risk by stimulating anabolic signalling pathways, altering hormone regulation, increasing inflammation, inducing DNA damage, and impairing DNA repair mechanisms, although specific mechanisms of action remain somewhat unclear.133”

    From Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [133]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Pati, S., Irfan, W., Jameel, A., Ahmed, S., & Shahid, R. K.
Affiliations
  • University of Saskatchewan (CA)
  • Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (IE)
Corresponding author
  • Ahmed, Shahid
  • Shahid, Rabia K.
ORCID
Venue
Cancers
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-01-12
Volume
15
Issue
2
Pages
485
ISSN
2072-6694 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/cancers15020485
PMC
PMC9857053
OpenAlex
W4316039477
Cited by
677
References
16
Citations by year
2026: 158 · 2025: 239 · 2024: 217 · 2023: 62 · 2020: 1
FWCI
21.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cancers (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Lipids, and Metabolism
Keywords
obesity, obesity-related cancer, cancer risk, tumor recurrence, cancer-specific mortality, postmenopausal breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, kidney cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, gallbladder cancer, adipokines, chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, sex hormones, fatty acid metabolism, extracellular matrix remodeling, cancer survivors, weight loss interventions, behavior therapy, glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues, bariatric surgery

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