Cited by 20Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesAdipose Tissue and MetabolismObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

Obesity and Exercise: New Insights and Perspectives

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James, Natasha Maria, Stanford, Kristin I·2025·Endocrine Reviews

Abstract

Obesity is increasing rapidly worldwide and is projected to affect approximately half the US population by the year 2035. Obesity is a complex condition, and individuals who have obesity are at greater risk for developing associated metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Understanding the underlying factors which contribute to obesity and that impact key molecular mechanisms of metabolic organs such as adipose tissue, liver, and muscle is crucial for combating the disease. Exercise is a well-established measure to prevent or mitigate the adverse consequences of obesity, with several beneficial effects to whole-body metabolism and adaptations to metabolic tissues. This review explores the impact of obesity on the development of metabolic diseases. Specifically, we will discuss: how obesity alters metabolic function and the potential benefits of exercise; the specific effects of obesity and exercise on muscle, adipose tissue, and liver; and potential effects of pharmacotherapeutics or bariatric surgery in combination with exercise.

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Authors
James, N. M., & Stanford, K. I.
Affiliations
The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author
Stanford, Kristin I
Venue
Endocrine Reviews
Published
2025-06-16
Volume
46
Issue
6
Pages
763-789
ISSN
  • 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7189
OpenAlex
W4411340490
Cited by
20
References
442
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 3
FWCI
3.05
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
NIH (1R01HL164290)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords
obesity, physical activity, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, cardiovascular disease, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver, metabolic adaptation, bariatric surgery, pharmacotherapy, obesity-related metabolic diseases
MeSH terms
Adipose Tissue, Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Liver, Obesity, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Bariatric Surgery

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