Obesity and Exercise: New Insights and Perspectives
Open accessAbstract
Obesity is increasing rapidly worldwide and is projected to affect approximately half the US population by the year 2035. Obesity is a complex condition, and individuals who have obesity are at greater risk for developing associated metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Understanding the underlying factors which contribute to obesity and that impact key molecular mechanisms of metabolic organs such as adipose tissue, liver, and muscle is crucial for combating the disease. Exercise is a well-established measure to prevent or mitigate the adverse consequences of obesity, with several beneficial effects to whole-body metabolism and adaptations to metabolic tissues. This review explores the impact of obesity on the development of metabolic diseases. Specifically, we will discuss: how obesity alters metabolic function and the potential benefits of exercise; the specific effects of obesity and exercise on muscle, adipose tissue, and liver; and potential effects of pharmacotherapeutics or bariatric surgery in combination with exercise.
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Exercise effectively ameliorates obesity-related metabolic abnormalities and reduces cardiovascular risk.
“exercise, as a non-pharmacological intervention, has been proven to effectively ameliorate obesity-related metabolic abnormalities and reduce cardiovascular risk [3,4,5].”
From Exercise-Induced Myokines in Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Protection: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
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Kranendonk, M. E. G., Visseren, F. L. J., van Herwaarden, J. A., Hoen, E. N. M. N., de Jager, W., Wauben, M. H. M., & Kalkhoven, E. (2014) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20847 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
IL-27 signalling promotes adipocyte thermogenesis and energy expenditure
Wang, Q., Li, D., Cao, G., Shi, Q., Zhu, J., Zhang, M., Cheng, H., Wen, Q., Xu, H. Y., Zhu, L., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04127-5 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Alcalá, M., Calderón‐Domínguez, M., Araya, M. E. B., Ramos, P., Casals, N., Serra, D., Viana, M., & Herrero, L. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16463-6 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Garvey, W. T., Birkenfeld, A. L., Dicker, D., Mingrone, G., Pedersen, S. D., Satylganova, A., Skovgaard, D., Sugimoto, D., Jensen, C., & Mosenzon, O. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-1745 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Hansen, D., Dendale, P., Jonkers, R. A. M., Beelen, M., Manders, R. J. F., Corluy, L., Mullens, A., Berger, J., Meeusen, R., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1354-3 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Wu, M. V., Bikopoulos, G. J., Hung, S., & Ceddia, R. B. (2014) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m114.591008 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Wyszyńska, J., Ring‐Dimitriou, S., Thivel, D., Weghuber, D., Hadjipanayis, A., Grossman, Z., Ross-Russell, R. I., Dereń, K., & Mazur, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2020.535705 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Ge, X., Chen, C., Hui, X. H., Wang, Y., Lam, K. S. L., & Xu, A. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.248591 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Oussaada, S. M., van Galen, K. A., Cooiman, M. I., Kleinendorst, L., Hazebroek, E. J., van Haelst, M. M., ter Horst, K. W., & Serlie, M. J. (2019) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.12.012 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Tuning fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle with dietary fat and exercise
Fritzen, A. M., Lundsgaard, A.-M., & Kiens, B. (2020) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-020-0405-1 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Exercise increases serum fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels
Cuevas-Ramos, D., Almeda-Valdés, P., Meza-Arana, C. E., Brito-Córdova, G., Gómez-Pérez, F. J., Mehta, R., Oseguera-Moguel, J., & Aguilar-Salinas, C. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038022 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Trevellin, E., Scorzeto, M., Olivieri, M., Granzotto, M., Valerio, A., Tedesco, L., Fabris, R., Serra, R., Quarta, M., Reggiani, C., et al. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-1234 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Xia, W., Veeragandham, P., Cao, Y., Xu, Y., Rhyne, T. E., Qian, J., Hung, C.-W., Zhao, P., Jones, Y., Gao, H., et al. (2024) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-024-00978-0 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Visceral obesity and the heart
Mathieu, P., Pîbarot, P., Larose, É., Poirier, P., Marette, A., & Després, J. (2008) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2007.12.001 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Schlittler, M., Goiny, M., Agudelo, L. Z., Venckūnas, T., Brazaitis, M., Skurvydas, A., Kamandulis, S., Ruas, J. L., Erhardt, S., Westerblad, H., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00053.2016 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Chattopadhyay, M., Khemka, V. K., Chatterjee, G., Ganguly, A., Mukhopadhyay, S., & Chakrabarti, S. (2014) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-014-2236-7 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Metabolic remodeling of white adipose tissue in obesity
Cummins, T. D., Holden, C. R., Sansbury, B. E., Gibb, A., Shah, J., Zafar, N., Tang, Y., Hellmann, J. L., Rai, S. N., Spite, M. R., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00271.2013 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Obesity, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Adipocytokines Network in Promotion of Cancer
Divella, R., Mazzocca, A., Daniele, A., Sabbà, C., & Paradiso, A. (2019) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.29599 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Myokines mediate the cross talk between skeletal muscle and other organs
Chen, W., Wang, L., You, W., & Shan, T. (2021) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.30033 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
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Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
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Constrained Total Energy Expenditure and the Evolutionary Biology of Energy Balance
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A Novel Endocrine Role for the BAT-Released Lipokine 12,13-diHOME to Mediate Cardiac Function
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Association between body mass index and fatty liver risk: A dose-response analysis
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Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lei, X., & Rezaei, M. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1679381 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., & Qiu, Y. (2026) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports14050212 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Obesity is the culprit behind fatty acid-induced inflammation
Guo, Y.-H., Luan, H., & Lin, J. (2026) · Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-026-01076-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Jin, J., Yu, L., Zheng, J., Xu, J., Chen, L., Liu, S., Cao, X., Hu, Y., Yan, C., & Wu, X. (2025) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-025-02711-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A new form of diabetes caused by INS mutations defined by zygosity, stem cell and population data
Tong, Y., Becker, M., Schierloh, U. H. E., da Silva, F. N., Haataja, L., Cai, Y., Patel, K. A., Kobaisi, F., Mirshahi, U. L., Colclough, K., et al. (2026) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s44321-025-00362-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chen, L., Li, A., Zhou, X., Chen, W., Zhou, Y., Wang, R., Kou, Y., & Zhou, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1838118 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The long non-coding RNA landscape of endurance exercise training
Bonilauri, B., Smith, G. R., Raja, A. N., Jimenez‐Morales, D., Ahmed, A., Jin, C. A., Sparks, L. M., Walsh, M. J., Montgomery, S. B., Adkins, J. N., et al. (2026) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2026.102358 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Banxia Baizhu Tianma Decoction attenuates obesity via regulating adipocyte-immune cell communication
Niu, W., Zhang, D., Zhang, H., Qi, L., Wang, D., Gong, L., & Jiang, Y. (2026) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2026.121246 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Does intensity matter? Insight from divergent adipose tissue molecular responses following exercise
Yin, M., Zhang, B., Xu, K., & Wei, J. (2025) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp290312
Pan, Z., Ding, M., Gu, W., Yu, Z., Yi, Q., Dai, J., Wang, L., Peng, Y., Zhang, Z., & Zheng, L. (2026) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2026.124308
Servi, N. N., & Taşkın, S. (2026) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2026.2666140
Fang, Y., Sun, Z., Wang, H., Li, H., Sun, P., Liu, H., Chen, Y., Jiang, J., Ye, Y., Zhu, L., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s606168
Qui, C., Yu, D., Li, Y., & Wang, D. (2026) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2026.106337
Cheng, H., Zhou, C., Song, S., Wang, B., Lang, D., & Sun, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1818949
Global landscape of liver disease burden in 1990–2021
Zhang, M., Ma, L., Jin, W., & Xia, Q. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.116406
Physical exercise and miR-146a in type 2 diabetes and obesity: a narrative review
Ichi, M. S., & Nezhad, H. B. (2026) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-026-12229-4
Yu, Y., Li, J., Xu, J., Wang, Y., Jiang, L., Jiang, Y., & Yu, J. (2026) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/71070
Sarcopenia and sepsis fuel a self-perpetuating cycle of immunometabolism decline
Gutman, E. G., Muniz‐Santos, R., da Silva, A. M., Costa, G. L. A., da Cunha, C. M. C., de Moraes, B. P. T., & Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque, C. F. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1867909
An, J.-Q., He, X., Ding, J.-Y., Wu, Y., Luan, X.-W., Xu, Z.-Z., Guo, T.-T., & He, Q. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1844167
The adipose organ–capacitor model of preclinical and clinical obesity
Nisoli, E. (2026) · Trends Open · doi:10.1016/j.treopn.2026.07.013
- Authors
- James, N. M., & Stanford, K. I.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stanford, Kristin I
- Venue
- Endocrine Reviews
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2025-06-16
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 763-789
- ISSN
- 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7189
- PMC
- PMC12640717
- OpenAlex
- W4411340490
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 442
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 3
- FWCI
- 3.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (1R01HL164290)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- obesity, physical activity, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, cardiovascular disease, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver, metabolic adaptation, bariatric surgery, pharmacotherapy, obesity-related metabolic diseases
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Liver, Obesity, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Bariatric Surgery
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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