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Cited by 49Tendon Structure and TreatmentTissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineBone Tissue Engineering Materials

Scaffold-Mediated Immunoengineering as Innovative Strategy for Tendon Regeneration

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Russo, Valentina, El Khatib, Mohammad, Prencipe, Giuseppe, Cerveró-Varona, Adrián, Citeroni, Maria Rita, Mauro, Annunziata, Berardinelli, Paolo, Faydaver, Melisa +9 more·2022·Cells
DOI 10.3390/cells11020266PMC PMC8773518
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Abstract

Tendon injuries are at the frontier of innovative approaches to public health concerns and sectoral policy objectives. Indeed, these injuries remain difficult to manage due to tendon’s poor healing ability ascribable to a hypo-cellularity and low vascularity, leading to the formation of a fibrotic tissue affecting its functionality. Tissue engineering represents a promising solution for the regeneration of damaged tendons with the aim to stimulate tissue regeneration or to produce functional implantable biomaterials. However, any technological advancement must take into consideration the role of the immune system in tissue regeneration and the potential of biomaterial scaffolds to control the immune signaling, creating a pro-regenerative environment. In this context, immunoengineering has emerged as a new discipline, developing innovative strategies for tendon injuries. It aims at designing scaffolds, in combination with engineered bioactive molecules and/or stem cells, able to modulate the interaction between the transplanted biomaterial-scaffold and the host tissue allowing a pro-regenerative immune response, therefore hindering fibrosis occurrence at the injury site and guiding tendon regeneration. Thus, this review is aimed at giving an overview on the role exerted from different tissue engineering actors in leading immunoregeneration by crosstalking with stem and immune cells to generate new paradigms in designing regenerative medicine approaches for tendon injuries.

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  • Immunoengineering aims to develop easily accessible, resorbable, immunomodulatory scaffolds that would enhance the endogenous pro-regenerative environment in affected sites, in situ.

    “It aims to develop easily accessible, resorbable, immunomodulatory scaffolds that would enhance the endogenous pro-regenerative environment in affected sites, in situ [201].”

    From Resorbable Biomaterials Used for 3D Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [201]

    Section 4 says immunoengineering aims to develop immunomodulatory scaffolds that promote a favorable host immune response and tissue regeneration. Section 3 discusses scaffold degradation rates, but the copy does not establish that the scaffolds are intended to be easily accessible or resorbable. The claim’s local, pro-regenerative aim is supported; those two design requirements are not. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Antigen, as well as immunomodulatory specificity of the transplanted scaffold, seem to be the key factors for functional and long-lasting tissue repair.

    “That is why antigen, as well as immunomodulatory specificity of the transplanted scaffold, seem to be the key factors for functional and long-lasting tissue repair [201].”

    From Resorbable Biomaterials Used for 3D Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [201]

    Section 4 identifies antigen and immunomodulatory specificity as key to the safety and effectiveness of scaffolds intended to aid healing and regeneration. It does not specifically establish that these properties produce functional, long-lasting tissue repair; that outcome is more specific than the passage supports. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Material origin (fossil-based or bio-based polymers) modulates immune response.

    “Material origin (fossil-based or bio-based polymers) also modulate immune response [201].”

    From Resorbable Biomaterials Used for 3D Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [201]

    Section 4.1 says biomaterial chemistry and nature can modulate inflammatory responses and affect macrophage function. It does not specifically establish that a polymer’s fossil-based versus bio-based origin is the relevant distinction, so the parenthetical is more specific than the source supports. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Main scaffold properties that need to be adjusted for immunoengineering involve shape, topography, micro-architecture presented by porosity and pore size, stiffness, hydrophobicity, and chemistry of the used polymers.

    “Main scaffold properties that need to be adjusted for immunoengineering involve shape, topography, micro-architecture presented by porosity and pore size, stiffness, hydrophobicity, and chemistry of the used polymers [201].”

    From Resorbable Biomaterials Used for 3D Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [201]

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Authors
Russo, V., El Khatib, M., Prencipe, G., Cerveró-Varona, A., Citeroni, M. R., Mauro, A., Berardinelli, P., Faydaver, M., Haidar-Montes, A. A., Turriani, M., Di Giacinto, O., Raspa, M., Scavizzi, F., Bonaventura, F., Liverani, L., Boccaccini, A. R., & Barboni, B.
Affiliations
  • University of Teramo (IT)
  • Unit of Basic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Agro-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
  • National Research Council (IT)
  • Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
Corresponding author
Prencipe, Giuseppe
ORCID
Venue
Cells
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-01-13
Volume
11
Issue
2
Pages
266
ISSN
2073-4409 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/cells11020266
PMC
PMC8773518
OpenAlex
W4205201790
Cited by
49
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 2
FWCI
1.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cells (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • UniTERAMO Research Catalog (University of Teramo) (submittedVersion)
  • OPUS FAU (Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (KOBV), on behalf of the Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen-Nürnberg) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Perspective for Future Innovation in Tendon Repair H2020-MSCA-ITN-EJD-P4 FIT (955685)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Tendon Structure and Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
Keywords
immunoengineering, tendon regeneration, tendon injury, biomaterial scaffolds, immunomodulation, fibrosis, stem cells, bioactive compounds, tissue engineering
MeSH terms
Animals, Humans, Immunity, Regeneration, Tendons, Tissue Engineering, Tissue Scaffolds, Immunomodulation

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