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Cited by 590Electric Vehicles and InfrastructureAdvanced DC-DC ConvertersWireless Power Transfer Systems

Review of Electric Vehicle Charging Technologies, Standards, Architectures, and Converter Configurations

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Acharige, Sithara S. G., Haque, Md. Enamul, Arif, Mohammad Taufiqul, Hosseinzadeh, Nasser, Hasan, Kazi N., Oo, Aman Maung Than·2023·IEEE Access
DOI 10.1109/access.2023.3267164
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Abstract

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are projected to be one of the major contributors to energy transition in global transportation due to their rapid expansion. High-level of EVs integration into the electricity grid will introduce many challenges for the power grid planning, operation, stability, standards, and safety. Therefore, the wide-scale adoption of EVs imposes research and development of charging systems and EV supply equipment (EVSE) to achieve expected charging solutions for EV batteries as well as to improve ancillary services. Analysis of the status of EV charging technologies is important to accelerate EV adoption with advanced control strategies to discover a remedial solution for negative impacts and to enhance desired charging efficiency and grid support. This paper presents a comprehensive review of EV charging technologies, international standards, the architecture of EV charging stations, and the power converter configurations of EV charging systems. The charging systems require a dedicated converter topology, a control strategy, compatibility with standards, and grid codes for charging and discharging to ensure optimum operation and enhance grid support. An overview of different charging systems in terms of onboard and off-board chargers, AC-DC and DC-DC converter configuration, and AC and DC-based charging station architectures are evaluated. In addition, recent charging systems which are integrated with renewable energy sources are presented to identify the power train of modern charging stations. Finally, future trends and challenges in EV charging and grid integration issues are summarized as the future direction of the research.

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  • Level 3 chargers have the ability to manage power ranging from 20 kW to almost 350 kW, supplying a DC voltage between 300 V and 800 V.

    “These chargers have the ability to manage power ranging from 20 kW to almost 350 kW, therefore supplying a DC voltage between 300 V to 800 V.”

    From On-Board Chargers for Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Performance and Efficiency Review (2024) · cites this paper as [20]

    The Charging Levels section gives the claimed 20–350 kW and approximately 300–800 V DC ranges for off-board chargers in its discussion of Level 3 charging. However, the sentence containing those figures explicitly says “Level 2 chargers,” while the same section elsewhere puts Level 2 at up to 19.2 kW. The copy therefore supports the figures and their Level 3 context, but its wording does not unambiguously assign them to Level 3. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The divergence between EV charging demand and grid supply, particularly during peak residential usage times, may destabilize the grid and overload transformers in local distribution systems.

    “This divergence between the demand for EV charging and the supply of the grid, particularly during peak residential usage times, may destabilize the grid and overload transformers in local distribution systems [6].”

    From Economic Impacts and Mitigation for the Grid Connected Electric Vehicle Charging: A Technical and Operational Overview (2026) · cites this paper as [6]

    The 'Current State of EV Charging Technology' section says EV growth can increase peak demand, cause voltage instability, and overload the distribution grid. 'Electric Vehicle Charging Topologies' likewise links uncoordinated charging to high peak demand. Neither passage specifies peak residential usage times or transformer overloads, so those details are not supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • EV charging presents a unique load profile that deviates from conventional residential or commercial loads.

    “EV charging presents a unique load profile that deviates from conventional residential or commercial loads shown in Fig. 3 [6].”

    From Economic Impacts and Mitigation for the Grid Connected Electric Vehicle Charging: A Technical and Operational Overview (2026) · cites this paper as [6]

    The Current State of EV Charging Technology section says that more EV charging stations may change distribution-network load patterns and characteristics. Electric Vehicle Charging Topologies also describes unpredictable charging loads and high peak demand. These passages support the idea that EV charging affects load profiles, but they do not compare those profiles with conventional residential or commercial loads. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Charging methods can be classified as conductive charging, battery swapping, and wireless charging.

    “Charging methods can be classified as conductive charging, battery swapping, and wireless charging [20,31,32].”

    From On-Board Chargers for Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Performance and Efficiency Review (2024) · cites this paper as [20]

  • Level 3, or DC fast charging, makes use of AC and DC power for delivering high voltage DC power to the battery of an electric vehicle.

    “Level 3, or DC fast charging, makes use of AC and DC power for delivering high voltage DC power to the battery of an EV [20].”

    From On-Board Chargers for Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Performance and Efficiency Review (2024) · cites this paper as [20]

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Cites

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Authors
Acharige, S. S. G., Haque, M. E., Arif, M. T., Hosseinzadeh, N., Hasan, K. N., & Oo, A. M. T.
Affiliations
  • Deakin University (AU)
  • RMIT University (AU)
  • School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
ORCID
Venue
IEEE Access
Publisher
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published
2023
Volume
11
Pages
41218-41255
ISSN
2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1109/access.2023.3267164
OpenAlex
W4365807811
Cited by
590
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 161 · 2025: 220 · 2024: 172 · 2023: 37
FWCI
43.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • IEEE Access (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced DC-DC Converters
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Wireless Power Transfer Systems
Keywords
electric vehicle charging, DC-DC converter, AC-DC converter, on-board charger, off-board charger, grid integration, ancillary services, renewable energy integration, charging control strategy, grid codes

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