Review of Battery Charger Topologies, Charging Power Levels, and Infrastructure for Plug-In Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
Abstract
This paper reviews the current status and implementation of battery chargers, charging power levels, and infrastructure for plug-in electric vehicles and hybrids. Charger systems are categorized into off-board and on-board types with unidirectional or bidirectional power flow. Unidirectional charging limits hardware requirements and simplifies interconnection issues. Bidirectional charging supports battery energy injection back to the grid. Typical on-board chargers restrict power because of weight, space, and cost constraints. They can be integrated with the electric drive to avoid these problems. The availability of charging infrastructure reduces on-board energy storage requirements and costs. On-board charger systems can be conductive or inductive. An off-board charger can be designed for high charging rates and is less constrained by size and weight. Level 1 (convenience), Level 2 (primary), and Level 3 (fast) power levels are discussed. Future aspects such as roadbed charging are presented. Various power level chargers and infrastructure configurations are presented, compared, and evaluated based on amount of power, charging time and location, cost, equipment, and other factors.
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Off-board chargers bypass the on-board charger and connect directly to the battery.
“These chargers bypass the OBC and connect directly to the battery [5,13].”
From On-Board Chargers for Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Performance and Efficiency Review (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
Bidirectional chargers can either be an isolated circuit or use a non-isolated circuit configuration.
“Bidirectional chargers can either be an isolated circuit or use a non-isolated circuit configuration [13].”
From On-Board Chargers for Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Performance and Efficiency Review (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
In most cases, a unidirectional charger consists of a diode bridge, a filter, and a DC-DC converter.
“In most of the cases, a unidirectional charger consists of a diode bridge, a filter, and a DC-DC converter [13,39].”
From On-Board Chargers for Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Performance and Efficiency Review (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
There are numerous organizations, technical bodies, and groups worldwide, so there is a lot of duplication.
“There are numerous organizations, technical bodies, and groups worldwide, so there is a lot of duplication [13].”
From On-Board Chargers for Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Performance and Efficiency Review (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an EV charging component standardization organization that focuses on EVs, while other bodies focus on specification at the component level.
“The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an EV charging component standardization organization.It focuses on EVs, while other bodies focus on specification at the component level [13,23,58].”
From On-Board Chargers for Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Performance and Efficiency Review (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Yilmaz, M., & Krein, P. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 2151-2169
- ISSN
- 0885-8993 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-0107
- OpenAlex
- W2019769688
- Cited by
- 3,118
- References
- 157
- Citations by year
- 2026: 151 · 2025: 246 · 2024: 274 · 2023: 287 · 2022: 291 · 2021: 286 · 2020: 294 · 2019: 292 · 2018: 260 · 2017: 196 · 2016: 199 · 2015: 149 · 2014: 133 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 69.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (publishedVersion)
- Istanbul Technical University Academic Open Archive (Istanbul Technical University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Wireless Power Transfer Systems
- Keywords
- battery charger, plug-in electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, charging infrastructure, off-board charger, on-board charger, bidirectional charging, inductive charging, conductive charging, Level 2 charging, charging time, charging cost
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