Probiotic Functions in Fermented Foods: Anti-Viral, Immunomodulatory, and Anti-Cancer Benefits
Open accessAbstract
Fermented foods can provide many benefits to our health. These foods are created by the action of microorganisms and help support our digestive health and immune system. Fermented foods include yogurt, kimchi, pickles, kefir, beer, wine, and more. Fermented foods contain probiotics, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeast, organic acids, ethanol, or antimicrobial compounds, which help balance the gut microbiome and improve digestive health. Fermented foods can also benefit your overall health by increasing the diversity of your gut microbiome and reducing inflammation. By routinely consuming fermented foods with these benefits, we can continue to improve our health. Probiotics from fermented foods are beneficial strains of bacteria that are safe for human health and constitute an important component of human health, even for children and the elderly. Probiotics can have a positive impact on your health, especially by helping to balance your gut microbiome and improve digestive health. Probiotics can also boost your immune system and reduce inflammation, which can benefit your overall health. Probiotics, which can be consumed in the diet or in supplement form, are found in many different types of foods and beverages. Research is continuing to investigate the health effects of probiotics and how they can be utilized. The potential mechanisms of probiotics include anti-cancer activity, preventing and treating immune system-related diseases, and slowing the development of Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease. This is due to the gut–brain axis of probiotics, which provides a range of health benefits beyond the digestive and gastrointestinal systems. Probiotics reduce tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukins through the nuclear factor-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. They have been shown to protect against colon cancer and colitis by interfering with the adhesion of harmful bacteria in the gut. This article is based on clinical and review studies identified in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar, and a systematic review of clinical studies was performed.
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Probiotic-induced cytokine production, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and interferons, has been linked to excessive immune reactions that can lead to autoimmune disorders or inflammation.
“Recent studies have linked probiotic-induced cytokine production, such as interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor TNF-α, and interferons, to excessive immune reactions that can lead to autoimmune disorders or inflammation [12,86].”
From Current Concepts in Probiotic Safety and Efficacy (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
Section 3, “Mechanisms of Health Benefits of Fermented Foods” (page unavailable), says probiotics downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and prevent inflammatory events—the opposite of the claimed link to excessive inflammation. Sections 4 and 5 likewise describe reductions in inflammatory factors, including TNF-α, interferon-γ, and IL-1β. The cited paper does not link probiotic-induced cytokine production to autoimmune disorders. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Pyo, Y., Kwon, K. H., & Jung, Y. J.
- Affiliations
- Konkuk University (KR)
- Kookmin University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Jung, Yeon Ja
- Venue
- Foods
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-07-28
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 2386
- ISSN
- 2304-8158 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11311591
- OpenAlex
- W4401080279
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 5
- FWCI
- 2.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Foods (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Konkuk University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
- Keywords
- probiotics, fermented foods, antiviral activity, immunomodulation, anticancer activity, gut microbiota, inflammation, gut-brain axis, lactic acid bacteria, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, colon cancer, colitis, NF-κB signaling, MAPK signaling, TNF-α, interleukins
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