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Cited by 812Insect Utilization and EffectsForensic Entomology and Diptera StudiesInsect Pest Control Strategies

Review of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as animal feed and human food.

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Wang, Yu-Shiang, Shelomi, Matan·2017·Foods
DOI 10.3390/foods6100091PMC PMC5664030
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Abstract

Food futurists accept that sustainability-minded humanity will increasingly incorporate insects as alternative protein. The most studied and easily reared species are not necessarily the most sustainable, acceptable, or delicious. Here, we review the literature on the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, which is capable of efficiently converting a wide variety of organic materials, from food waste to manure, into insect biomass. They can be grown and harvested without dedicated facilities and are not pestiferous. Their larvae are 42% crude protein and 29% fat, although they are higher in saturated fats than most insects. They do not concentrate pesticides or mycotoxins. They are already grown and recommended for use as animal feed, but with regional legal restrictions on how this is done. For commercial use in human foods, larvae could potentially be milled and converted into a textured protein with a strong flavor. Their biggest advantage over other insects is their ability to convert waste into food, generating value and closing nutrient loops as they reduce pollution and costs. This general advantage is also their greatest disadvantage, for the social stigmas and legal prohibitions against eating organisms that eat waste are added to extant taboos facing insect consumption.

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  • Large-scale facilities use BSFL to produce protein and treat up to 200 tons of waste each day.

    “According to Diener et al. [35], large-scale facilities use BSFL to produce protein and treat up to 200 tons of waste each day.”

    From A Review of Organic Waste Treatment Using Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) (2022) · cites this paper as [35]

    Section 2.4, “Rearing Strategies for Black Soldier Fly” (page unavailable), says pilot and full-scale BSFL plants have been tested and found effective, and discusses both waste recycling and larval biomass production. It does not report facilities treating up to 200 tons of waste per day; its stated daily rates are per square metre. The printed citation names Diener et al., whereas the supplied source is Wang and Shelomi. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • An increase in demand for vegetable oils and biofuels contributes to water waste, tropical deforestation, loss in biodiversity, and habitat fragmentation.

    “The impact on the environment is also considerable, as an increase in demand for vegetable oils and biofuels contributes to water waste, tropical deforestation, loss in biodiversity, and habitat fragmentation.”

    From Insect Derived Lauric Acid as Promising Alternative Strategy to Antibiotics in the Antimicrobial Resistance Scenario (2021) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2017

    The Discussion (page unavailable) compares the land and water requirements of black soldier fly larvae with plant proteins and discusses larvae as a potential biodiesel source. It does not address whether rising demand for vegetable oils or biofuels causes water waste, tropical deforestation, biodiversity loss, or habitat fragmentation; searches for those terms found no relevant passage. (LLM, conf=0.73)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Palm kernel and coconut oil are currently criticized from an ecological point of view.

    “For this reason, palm kernel and coconut oil are currently criticized from an ecological point of view (Wang et al., 2017; Matthäus et al., 2019; Verheyen et al., 2020; Kierończyk et al., 2020).”

    From Insect Derived Lauric Acid as Promising Alternative Strategy to Antibiotics in the Antimicrobial Resistance Scenario (2021) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2017

    The Discussion addresses the environmental sustainability of black soldier fly larvae and compares them with other protein sources, but does not discuss ecological criticism of palm kernel or coconut oil. Searches for both oils and their environmental impacts found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Wang, Y.-S., & Shelomi, M.
Affiliations
National Taiwan University (TW)
Corresponding author
Shelomi, Matan
ORCID
Shelomi, Matan
Venue
Foods
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2017-10-18
Volume
6
Issue
10
Pages
91
ISSN
2304-8158 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/foods6100091
PMC
PMC5664030
OpenAlex
W2766943327
Cited by
812
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 69 · 2025: 107 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 125 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 1
FWCI
4.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Foods (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect Utilization and Effects
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Forensic Entomology and Diptera Studies
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Insect Pest Control Strategies
Keywords
Hermetia illucens, insect protein, alternative protein sources, animal feed, food waste valorization, nutrient cycling

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