“Indigenizing” Food Sovereignty. Revitalizing Indigenous Food Practices and Ecological Knowledges in Canada and the United States

In the paper

“The food sovereignty movement challenged the hegemony of the globalized, neoliberal, industrial, capital-intensive, corporate-led model of agriculture that created destructive economic policies that marginalized small-scale farmers, removed them from their land, and forced them into the global market economy as wage laborers.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [2] Patel, 2009, Food sovereignty, The Journal of Peasant Studies sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Rosset, 2008, Food Sovereignty and the Contemporary Food Crisis, Development source
• Not checked yetcites [4] Wittman, Hannah Kay, Desmarais, Annette Aurelie, and Wiebe, Nettie (2010). Food Sovereignty. Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community, Fernwood Publishing.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Trauger, Amy (2015). Food Sovereignty in International Context. Discourse, Politics and Practice of Place, Routledge. source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [6] La Via Campesina The international peasant’s voice. Available online: http://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/organisation-mainmenu-44.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Jarosz, 2014, Comparing Food Sovereignty, Food Security Discourses, Dialogues in Human Geography source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Philip, 2000, The power of food, Agriculture and Human Values source

In the paper

“This neo-colonial process impoverished millions of peasants and Indigenous peoples by displacing them from the land, resulting in many of them being forced into wage labor to serve the global food economy [2][3][4][5][6][7].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Conclusion links neo-colonialism to impoverishment and describes development projects and other forces that displace people and confiscate land. The Introduction also describes a crisis that reduced peasant farmers’ yields and food supplies. These passages do not establish that millions of peasants and Indigenous peoples were displaced or that displacement forced them into wage labor for the global food economy. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites [2] Patel, 2009, Food sovereignty, The Journal of Peasant Studies sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Rosset, 2008, Food Sovereignty and the Contemporary Food Crisis, Development source
• Not checked yetcites [4] Wittman, Hannah Kay, Desmarais, Annette Aurelie, and Wiebe, Nettie (2010). Food Sovereignty. Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community, Fernwood Publishing.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Trauger, Amy (2015). Food Sovereignty in International Context. Discourse, Politics and Practice of Place, Routledge. source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [6] La Via Campesina The international peasant’s voice. Available online: http://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/organisation-mainmenu-44.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Jarosz, 2014, Comparing Food Sovereignty, Food Security Discourses, Dialogues in Human Geography source

In the paper

“They also emphasized that the current regime continued to promote agricultural practices that benefitted transnational corporations while undermining small-scale farmers [2][3][4][5][6][7].”

What the sources say

• Supported

  In “Christina Schiavoni” (page unavailable), the paper describes La Vía Campesina’s call to restore control of food production from large corporations to the people who produce food, rejecting what it calls the agribusiness-backed “failure as usual” approach. “The IAASTD and food sovereignty” (page unavailable) says the benefits of industrialised agriculture accrued disproportionately to transnational corporations over vulnerable groups and that agricultural policies and practices deepened inequalities. Together, these passages support the paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [2] Patel, 2009, Food sovereignty, The Journal of Peasant Studies source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Rosset, 2008, Food Sovereignty and the Contemporary Food Crisis, Development source
• Not checked yetcites [4] Wittman, Hannah Kay, Desmarais, Annette Aurelie, and Wiebe, Nettie (2010). Food Sovereignty. Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community, Fernwood Publishing.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Trauger, Amy (2015). Food Sovereignty in International Context. Discourse, Politics and Practice of Place, Routledge. source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [6] La Via Campesina The international peasant’s voice. Available online: http://viacampesina.org/en/index.php/organisation-mainmenu-44.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Jarosz, 2014, Comparing Food Sovereignty, Food Security Discourses, Dialogues in Human Geography source

In the paper

“What Mosby found even more disturbing was that these food experiments were being conducted without the children's knowledge and without their parent's consent.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Mosby, 2013, Administering Colonial Science: Nutrition Research and Human Biomedical Experimentation in Aboriginal Communities and Residential Schools, 1942–1952, Social History source

In the paper

“Diseases such as type-2 diabetes, hypertension, and obesity are at epidemic levels, making autonomy over Indigenous lands and food systems crucial to their very survival as people.”

In the paper

“The risk of developing type-2 diabetes increases with obesity and physical inactivity, which is not only a concern for adults but children as well, with recent studies revealing serious youth obesity problems in Indigenous communities leading to major health issues such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease as they age ( [23]; [24], p. 1487; [12], pp.193-97).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [23]; [24], p. 1487; [12], pp.193-97

In the paper

“In these schools, Indigenous children were forced to eat foods that many had never eaten before, foods such as domesticated meats, cheese, wheat flour, and sugar, and were estranged from their own traditional and healthy diets.”

In the paper

“While these diseases are increasing in the larger U.S, and Canadian populations, they have become more prevalent in Indigenous populations.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [22,23]; [10], p. 70; [13], p. 72

In the paper

“The decolonial praxis entails decreasing dependence on the globalized food system and revitalizing Indigenous foods systems and practices through the reaffirmation of spiritual, emotional and physical relationships to the lands, waters, plants, and all living things that have sustained Indigenous communities and cultures.”

In the paper

“Recent mobilization seen in the 1994 Zapatista uprising in Chiapas Mexico, the signing of the United Nations Declaration on Indigenous Rights (UNDRIP) in 2007, and the emergence of the Canadian Idle No More Movement in 2012, builds on ongoing Indigenous resistance to colonialism, neoliberalism, and globalization and the disastrous impacts these systems continue to have on ancestral homelands.”

In the paper

“The over-commodification of food after World War Two resulted in concentrating the decision-making power over food, land, and seeds in the hands of only a few, and developing policies that regulated food to meet the demands of the agribusiness industry.”

In the paper

“For example, recent studies have shown that Indigenous adults are four times more likely to suffer from type 2 diabetes than the non-Indigenous population ( [22,23]; [10], p. 70; [13], p. 72).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [22,23]; [10], p. 70; [13], p. 72

In the paper

“The food sovereignty movement initiated in 1996 by a transnational organization of peasants, La Via Campesina, representing 148 organizations from 69 countries, became central to self-determination and decolonial mobilization embodied by Indigenous peoples throughout the world.”

In the paper

“Idle No More was founded in December 2012 by three Indigenous women and one non-Indigenous woman mainly in response to the passing of Canada's Bill C-45 which eliminated many of the state's environmental laws and opened up Indigenous lands to development.”

In the paper

“While the tragic legacy of the boarding system had a disastrous impact on Indigenous peoples dietary as well as emotional and spiritual wellbeing, socioeconomic status also plays a major role in Indigenous health disparities along with the loss or dislocation from their traditional lands and communities (more than 50 percent of Indigenous peoples in Canada and the U.S. live in urban centers) and”

In the paper

“However, rather than develop policies that would support the revitalization of Indigenous food systems or provide them with healthy traditional foods, the dietitians conducting the studies sought to address these problems by promoting what they saw as more nutritious Western foods like milk, cheese, and fruit ( [20], p. 155).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Mosby, 2013, Administering Colonial Science: Nutrition Research and Human Biomedical Experimentation in Aboriginal Communities and Residential Schools, 1942–1952, Social History source

In the paper

“Investigations of the Alberni Residential School found run-down, inadequate kitchen facilities and, as was the case with the other schools included in the study, poor and inadequate diets given to the students.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Mosby, 2013, Administering Colonial Science: Nutrition Research and Human Biomedical Experimentation in Aboriginal Communities and Residential Schools, 1942–1952, Social History source

In the paper

“In May 2013, Canadian food scholar Ian Mosby exposed more of the horrors of the Canadian Indian Residential School system, revealing how secret nutritional experiments had been conducted on malnourished Indigenous children in boarding schools, thus illuminating the exploitation and neglect by the Canadian government of the Indigenous population.”

In the paper

“Both the Zapatista Movement and the Idle No More Movement in Canada effectively utilized social media to bring awareness to Indigenous land rights and environmental issues.”

In the paper

“The approximately 350 million Indigenous peoples worldwide share a collective experience of colonization that is still being felt in their communities today.”

In the paper

“It quickly spread to include opposition to Canada's Tar Sands oil energy project and the expansion of oil pipelines across Canada and the United States.”

In the paper

“While the UNDRIP is an aspirational, nonbinding document, some countries such as the Philippines and Bolivia have adopted the document's provisions as law, and Indigenous groups globally have begun testing the enforcement of these provisions ( [30], p. 156).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] Corntassel, 2012, Practicing Sustainable Self-Determination, The Brown Journal of World Affairs

In the paper

“Fundamental to these recent struggles are the goal of self-determination and the commitment to protecting Indigenous lands from exploitation and development.”

In the paper

“The UNDRIP, adopted by the United Nations in 2007, enshrined global Indigenous collective rights that constituted the minimum standards for their survival, dignity, and well-being.”

• Also stated in: § 2. Indigenous Resistance and Resurgence · plain

  “Among the rights recognized were the right to self-determination, the right to self-government, and the right to lands and resources that Indigenous peoples traditionally owned or occupied [29].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [29] United Nations United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Available online: http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf.

In the paper

“By the late 1800s, both Canada and the United States had adopted an educational system of boarding schools (also called residential schools in Canada) whereby Indigenous youth between the ages of five and 15 were taken from their families and communities and placed in these institutions designed specifically and intentionally to eradicate their spiritual traditions, political and economic systems,”

In the paper

“A growing epidemic of lifestyle disease is occurring among Indigenous peoples such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, autoimmune disease, and obesity.”

In the paper

“Type 2 diabetes leads to other illnesses and health concerns, such as cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, blindness, lower-extremity amputation, disability, and a decreased quality of life.”

In the paper

“For Indigenous peoples, the colonial narrative has resulted in social, cultural, and economic marginalization and is reflected in the health disparities with non-Indigenous peoples in the larger Canadian and U.S. populations.”

In the paper

“A 1946 study, published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal, moved the focus away from these inferior culture arguments and linked these social and health problems to inadequate and unhealthy food.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Mosby, 2013, Administering Colonial Science: Nutrition Research and Human Biomedical Experimentation in Aboriginal Communities and Residential Schools, 1942–1952, Social History source

In the paper

“Framed within a larger rights discourse, the food sovereignty movement called for the right of all peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food and the right to define their own food and agricultural systems.”

• Also stated in: § Abstract · plain

  “The food sovereignty movement initiated in 1996 by a transnational organization of peasants, La Via Campesina, representing 148 organizations from 69 countries, called for the right of all peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food and the right to define their own food and agricultural systems.”

In the paper

“Indigenous identity to a large extent is a collective identity, and the experiences of the generations of children who attended these schools resulted in collective trauma framed within a context of loss-loss of family, community, language, culture, and innocence through the rampant physical, psychological, emotional, and sexual abuse these children suffered in these institutions ( [13], pp.76-78”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] King, 2009, Indigenous Health, Part 2: The Underlying Causes of the Health Gap, The Lancet source

In the paper

“As part of the study, some of the children's diets were enhanced with Western food products such as milk and fruit, along with vitamin supplements, while other children in the study were given nothing or placebos ( [20], pp.161-62).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Mosby, 2013, Administering Colonial Science: Nutrition Research and Human Biomedical Experimentation in Aboriginal Communities and Residential Schools, 1942–1952, Social History source

In the paper

“Never was it revealed that in order to conduct these studies, most of these children were continually fed nutritionally inadequate diets, sometimes up to five years, knowingly keeping them underfed and denying them healthy foods as well as certain types of dental care.”

In the paper

“U.S. and Canadian policies legalized this cultural assault that was further intensified by socioeconomic and political marginalization along with racial prejudice, which, too, was often institutionalized ( [10], p. 66).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Gracey, 2009, Indigenous Health, Part 1: Determinants and Disease Patterns, The Lancet source

In the paper

“The last 30 years have seen an increase in the globalization of food systems through neo-liberal state policies that placed decision-making authority over food production and distribution in the hands of national states, and supranational and transnational organizations, promoting agricultural and food practices that did little to alleviate world hunger.”

In the paper

“Corntassel's notion of sustainable self-determination and the WGIF's definition of Indigenous food sovereignty emphasize responsibility, mutuality, kinship, and relationships.”

In the paper

“The Tlaxcala Conference introduced a new food regime concept, food sovereignty, and established 11 principles that were integrated into La Via Campesina's Position on Food Sovereignty, presented at the World Food Summit in Rome in November 1996.”

In the paper

“Hishuk'ish tsawalk represents the unity of the physical and metaphysical in a relationship embodied in the principle of iisaak.”

In the paper

“Within Indigenous cosmologies, Sam Grey and Raj Patel assert, both landscapes and foodscapes occupy a simultaneously physical, spiritual, and social geography”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] Grey, 2015, Food Sovereignty as Decolonization: Some Contributions from Indigenous Movements to Food Systems and Development Politics, Agriculture & Human Values source

In the paper

“Indigenous peoples have recognized the dangers of a worldview that commodifies and de-sanctifies the earth.”

In the paper

“Within a sustainable self-determination framework, emphasis is placed on decolonization and restoration that connects political autonomy, governance, the environment, and community health.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] Corntassel, 2008, Toward Sustainable Self-Determination: Rethinking the Contemporary Indigenous-Rights Discourse, Alternatives source

In the paper

“In 1993, small-scale farmer's organizations formed La Via Campesina, and, since then, this global agrarian movement has become the strongest voice in radical opposition to the globalized, neoliberal model of agricultural food production.”

In the paper

“Indigenous food sovereignty is positioned within a restorative framework that places responsibility and action on individuals and communities to repair and strengthen relationships to ancestral homelands weakened by colonialism, globalization, and neoliberal policies.”

In the paper

“Colonial encounters severed our sacred relationship to the salmon and through the years we have continually fought in the political and legal arenas to have our right to harvest salmon recognized and affirmed.”

In the paper

“The land, water, animals and plants are regarded as your kinfolk, not as a commodity that can be exploited”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [47] Richard Atleo, Umeek E. (2004). Tsawalk. A Nuu-Chah-Nulth Worldview, University of British Columbia Press.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Turner, 2000, Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Wisdom of Aboriginal Peoples in British Columbia, Ecological Applications source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Raymond, 2013, Ecosystem Services and Beyond: Using Multiple Metaphors to Understand Human-Environment Relationships, BioScience source

In the paper

“This philosophy connects people, animals, plants, and the natural and the supernatural (spiritual) realms in a seamless and interconnected web of life where all life forms are revered and worthy of mutual respect.”

In the paper

“The human-ecosystem relationship is characterized as one of reciprocity and respect where humans do not control nature but live in harmony with it.”

In the paper

“The principle of iisaak is embedded within an overarching philosophy of hishuk'ish tsawalk, everything is one.”

In the paper

“While Indigenous communities are distinct, making it impossible to define food sovereignty in a way that reflects all of their realities, Morrison says they are united by eco-philosophical principles that have guided their interactions with the environment and the non-human world that has informed their food systems.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [40] Wittman, Hannah, Desmarais, Annette Aurélie, and Wiebe, Nettie (2011). Food Sovereignty in Canada. Creating Just and Sustainable Food Systems, Fernwood Publishing.

In the paper

“To indigenize the term sovereignty thus means reframing it within Indigenous people's struggles for autonomy, self-sufficiency, and self-determination rather than within assertions of domination, control, and authority over ancestral homelands.”

In the paper

“Iisaak, at its most basic understanding, teaches that all life forms are held in equal esteem.”

In the paper

“The stewardship of our homelands was embedded in this philosophy, and this is what we are striving to revitalize.”

In the paper

“Joanne Barker (Lenape) and Taiaiake Alfred (Mohawk) argue that problems arise when Indigenous people use non-Indigenous terms to define their movements, their theories, and their lives ( [37], pp.172-74).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [37] 2007, Sovereignty Matters. Locations of Contestation and Possibility in Indigenous Struggles for Self-Determination, American Indian Culture and Research Journal

In the paper

“Indigenous food sovereignty weaves together the theoretical and analytical strands that many Indigenous scholars such as Alfred, Corntassel, Kimmerer and others have explicated regarding Indigenous peoples' relationship to the natural world that was weakened by colonialism, neoliberalism, displacement and capitalism.”

In the paper

“Nuu-chah-nulth-aht are raised with the understanding of iisaak (respect), which applies to all life-forms as well as the land and water.”

In the paper

“Restoring the health of Indigenous communities means restoring the health of the land.”

In the paper

“Indigenous cultures are shaped by deep and meaningful relationships to the land, water, plants, and animals that have sustained them which, as WGIF director Dawn Morrison asserts, is antithetical to the relationship that Western society has with the environment.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [40] Wittman, Hannah, Desmarais, Annette Aurélie, and Wiebe, Nettie (2011). Food Sovereignty in Canada. Creating Just and Sustainable Food Systems, Fernwood Publishing.

In the paper

“Corntassel positions responsibilities and relationships at the core of Indigenous self-determination.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] Corntassel, 2008, Toward Sustainable Self-Determination: Rethinking the Contemporary Indigenous-Rights Discourse, Alternatives source

In the paper

“This philosophy of marine management is consistent with efforts to become sustainable self-determining nations and reinforces the ruling authority of our ha'wilth patuk ha'wiih (traditional governance).”