Institutional navigation of oceans governance: Lessons from Russia and the United States Indigenous multi-level whaling governance in the Arctic

May combine two claims.

UNDRIP has been part of the conversation about the human right to whale and has been invoked by Arctic Indigenous communities in debates about whaling at the IWC.

“The UN Declaration for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) also has been a part of the conversation about the human right to whale (Wold, 2017) and has been invoked by Arctic Indigenous communities in debates about whaling at the IWC (Coté, 2016).”

• cites Wold, 2017Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Coté, 2016 sourceCould not verify

  Coté discusses UNDRIP and Indigenous rights in §2, and the cultural importance of Arctic Indigenous whaling in §3. Neither passage says Arctic Indigenous communities invoked UNDRIP in whaling debates at the IWC; searches for IWC, the International Whaling Commission, and that invocation found no such account. The separate human-right-to-whale clause is attributed to Wold, not Coté. (LLM, conf=0.74)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Arctic Indigenous communities developed complex and heterogenous local governance regimes, including extensive customary laws and practices that co-evolved with hunting over millennia.

“Arctic Indigenous communities developed complex and heterogenous local governance regimes (Grey and Kuokkanen, 2020), including extensive customary laws and practices that co-evolved with hunting over millennia (Huntington et al., 2021).”

• cites Grey and Kuokkanen, 2020 sourcePartly supported

  The indexed passage labelled “1560 Lataukset (Pure)” describes Indigenous peoples’ complex legal-political orders, anchored in particular lands, rights, values and practices, and discusses examples in Sápmi. It does not establish the broader claim that Arctic Indigenous communities generally developed heterogeneous local governance regimes. The customary-law and hunting clause is attributed to Huntington et al., not to Grey and Kuokkanen, and is not judged here. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Huntington et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Indigenous co-management entities continue to fight and reimagine new decision-making frameworks in multi-level environmental spaces and oceans-related governance systems.

“Indigenous co-management entities continue to fight and reimagine new decision-making frameworks in multi-level environmental spaces and oceans-related governance systems (Grey & Kuokkanen, 2020;Maxwell et al., 2020).”

• cites Grey & Kuokkanen, 2020 sourceCould not verify

  The retrieved passages are bibliographic records and an abstract, not passages from the paper’s body. Searches for Indigenous co-management decision-making, multilevel environmental governance, and oceans-related governance found no body-text passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.70)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Maxwell et al., 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The Indigenous Peoples on both sides of the Bering Strait, Chukchi, Iñupiat, Saint Lawrence Island and Siberian Yupik, are closely connected historically through cultural, ethnic and family linkages, and ocean-based subsistence activities, many centered on human-whale connections, that sustained their livelihoods and cultures for generations.

“The Indigenous Peoples on both sides of the Bering Strait, Chukchi, Iñupiat, Saint Lawrence Island (SLI) and Siberian Yupik, are closely connected historically through cultural, ethnic and family linkages, and ocean-based subsistence activities, many centered on human-whale connections, that sustained their livelihoods and cultures for generations (Huntington et al., 2020;Schweitzer and Golovko, 1”

• cites Huntington et al., 2020 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Schweitzer and Golovko, 1995Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Iñupiat argued these estimates undercounted whales, because bowhead could push up under the ice to surface and breathe.

“But Iñupiat argued these estimates undercounted whales, because bowhead could push up under the ice to surface and breathe (George et al., 1989).”

• cites George et al., 1989 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) says Iñupiat hunters knew bowheads could break sea ice to breathe and that earlier population estimates assumed whales would not migrate through closed leads. The Ice-Breaking Behavior section (page unavailable) reports that ice obscured whales from visual observers. The paper does not say that Iñupiat argued the estimates undercounted whales. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Whaling is permitted through the rights of the Federal Law On guarantees of the rights of the Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Federation, which extends a Soviet period 1926 law.

“Whaling is permitted through the rights of the Federal Law “On guarantees of the rights of the Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Federation'', which extends a Soviet period 1926 law that emphasized korenizatsiia (Indigenization processes for local languages, local leaders and ethnic schools) setting a precedent for support and regulation of small Indigenous communities (Sidorova, 2019).”

• cites Sidorova, 2019 sourcePartly supported

  The Russia section describes korenizatsiia as a 1920s Soviet policy involving Indigenous languages, local leaders, and ethnic schools. Table 1 lists a 1926 statute granting protection and special status to small-numbered Indigenous peoples. Neither passage says that the named Russian federal law extends the 1926 statute or that it permits whaling. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

After the fall of the Soviet Union, the local economy collapsed in Chukotka and food insecurity became widespread.

“After the fall of the Soviet Union, the local economy collapsed in Chukotka and food insecurity became widespread (Kozlov, 2004;McNeill, 2001).”

• cites Kozlov, 2004 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction places substantial economic changes after the Soviet Union’s dissolution, and the Conclusion describes an economic collapse that pushed many indigenous northerners toward subsistence. The Changes in food consumption section documents a shift from market to local foods, but it does not establish that food insecurity became widespread; the Changes in food preferences section reports insufficient access to marine mammal products for some respondents, while others said their needs were met. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites McNeill, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Increased hunting of marine mammals by local crews enabled communities to exercise traditional practice and ways of life, but also provided much-needed, cheaper accessible local foods during a period of significant stress and economic instability.

“Increased hunting of marine mammals by local crews enabled communities to exercise traditional practice and ways of life, but also provided much-needed, cheaper accessible local foods during a period of significant stress and economic instability (Kozlov, 2004).”

• cites Kozlov, 2004 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Red Data Book of Endangered Species includes bowhead whales with conservation status 1.

“The Red Data Book of Endangered Species includes bowhead whales (conservation status 1) (Filatova et al., 2022).”

• cites Filatova et al., 2022 sourcePartly supported

  Table 1 lists bowhead whales in the Russian Red Book, but assigns category 1 only to the Okhotsk Sea population; the Bering–Chukchi–Beaufort population is category 5. The Calculation of encounter rates section defines category 1 as endangered. The claim omits the population distinction and thus overgeneralizes the category 1 status. (LLM, conf=0.89)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The IWC bowhead quota is partially determined by community need and partially on the status of and risks to the bowhead whale population.

“The IWC bowhead quota is partially determined by community need and partially on the status of and risks to the bowhead whale population (Gambell, 1993).”

• cites Gambell, 1993 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The IWC exemption for Indigenous whaling was eliminated in 1977.

“Cross-level whaling governance in Russia and the USA from 1930 to 1977, when the IWC exemption for Indigenous whaling was eliminated (central orange box), and from 1977 to 2018, when Indigenous rights to whale were advocated for on the international stage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

USSR and Canada agreed to cooperate on a research program.

“Resolution for USA-led science and management of”

May combine two claims.

A resolution established USA-led science and management of bowhead on an annual schedule and ceiling for strikes and landed set by IWC.

“Resolution for USA-led science and management of”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The overall quota numbers have not changed for 26 years.

“Notably, the overall quota numbers have not changed for 26 years.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A resolution restricts the hunt to persons under jurisdiction of the Government of the United States.

“Amendment to Schedule paragraph 11 that had”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 1978, the total bowhead quota was a maximum of 18 strikes or up to 12 whales landed.

“1978 | Maximum of 18 strikes or up to 12 | Maximum of 18 strikes or up to 12 | - | Deleted”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Amendment to Schedule paragraph 11 had focused on Indigenous hunts in Greenland.

“Amendment to Schedule paragraph 11 that had”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The prior schedule provided Aboriginal rights to hunt 'right' whales.

“Deleted”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The amendment now includes language on bowhead whales from Bering Sea stock taken by 'aborigines'.

“Amendment to Schedule paragraph 11 that had”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

From 1977 to 2018, Indigenous rights to whale were advocated for on the international stage.

“Cross-level whaling governance in Russia and the USA from 1930 to 1977, when the IWC exemption for Indigenous whaling was eliminated (central orange box), and from 1977 to 2018, when Indigenous rights to whale were advocated for on the international stage.”

May combine two claims.

These techniques validated Indigenous understanding and led to much higher population estimates.

“These techniques validated Indigenous understanding -and led to much higher population estimates (Albert, 2001;Huntington, 2000).”

• cites Albert, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Huntington, 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

USSR or Canada Indigenous peoples also hunt bowhead.

“Amendment to Schedule paragraph 11 that had”

May combine two claims.

Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, block quota numbers slowly increased, generally with longer periods of time and more flexibility.

“Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, block quota numbers slowly increased, generally with longer periods of time and more flexibility (Table 1).”

• cites Table 1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In December 1977, a temporary quota was agreed.

“Deleted”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A resolution provided six factors for a community needs assessment to be led by the USA and presented in 1981.

“Resolution for USA-led science and management of”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

From 1981 to 1983, the total bowhead quota was a maximum of 65 strikes or 45 whales landed for a three-year period, provided no more than 17 whales landed per year.

“1981-1983 | Maximum of 65 strikes or 45 whales | Maximum of 65 strikes or 45 whales | | |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 1979, the total bowhead quota was a maximum of 18 strikes or up to 12 whales landed.

“1979 | Maximum of 18 strikes or up to 12 | Maximum of 18 strikes or up to 12 | - | Amendment to Schedule paragraph 11 that had”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 1980, the total bowhead quota was a maximum of 27 strikes or up to 18 whales landed for a 1-year period.

“1980 | Maximum of 27 strikes or up to 18 | Maximum of 27 strikes or up to 18 | - | Resolution for USA-led science and management of”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Oceans governance exemplifies multi-level governance with multiple government and non-governmental entities engaging in policymaking and decision-making across jurisdictions.

“Thus, oceans governance exemplifies multi-level governance with multiple government and non-governmental entities engaging in policymaking and decision-making across jurisdictions (Hooghe and Marks, 2003;Stephenson, 2013).”

• cites Hooghe and Marks, 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Stephenson, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

CITES and UNCLOS both regulate trade of whales and their conservation.

“The Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) both regulate trade of whales and their conservation (Fitzmaurice, 2013).”

• cites Fitzmaurice, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In the US, Indigenous whaling largely remained outside of federal level surveillance and control until the 1970s.

“In the US, Indigenous whaling largely remained outside of federal level surveillance and control until the 1970s.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Inuit Circumpolar Council currently operates across the circumpolar North, including in Russia.

“The ICC currently operates across the circumpolar North, including in Russia (Shadian, 2014).”

• cites Shadian, 2014Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In 1969 a professional whale-hunting ship was put into use, although the IWC did not know about the use of whale for fur farms.

“In 1969 a professional whale-hunting ship was put into use (although the IWC did not know about the use of whale for fur farms and this became a point of global debate in later years (Jones, 2019)).”

• cites Jones, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Integration of Indigenous knowledge and entities within comanagement regimes may reproduce settler colonial structures.

“Integration of Indigenous knowledge and entities within comanagement regimes may reproduce settler colonial structures (Charlie, 2020).”

• cites Charlie, 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

During the 1970s, Indigenous leaders organized around a larger entity, now known as the North Slope Borough, to advocate for villages and Indigenous Peoples, drawing upon and leading Alaska Native civil rights actions, Indigenous rights movements in the USA, and the 1973 establishment of the transnational Inuit Circumpolar Council in Utqiaġvik.

“During the 1970s, Indigenous leaders organized around a larger entity, now known as the North Slope Borough, to advocate for villages and Indigenous Peoples drawing upon and leading Alaska Native civil rights actions (Sakakibara, 2020), Indigenous rights movements in the USA, and the 1973 establishment of the transnational Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) in Utqia ġvik (known then as Barrow) (Fig.”

• cites Sakakibara, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Entities working with state agencies face burdens associated with the failure of many western science-oriented ecosystem governance systems to understand, accept, and incorporate Indigenous science and knowledge.

“Those entities working with state agencies face burdens associated with the failure of many western science-oriented ecosystem governance systems to understand, accept, and incorporate Indigenous science and knowledge (Watson, 2013).”

• cites Watson, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The newly formed Inuit Circumpolar Council focused on transnational Inuit identities and pushed back against Western political imaginaries.

“The newly formed ICC focused on transnational Inuit identities and pushed back against Western political imaginaries (Gerhardt, 2017).”

• cites Gerhardt, 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The ICRW established the IWC as the governing body to maintain whale stocks; early on the conservation focus was for commercial whaling.

“The ICRW established the International Whaling Commission (IWC) as the governing body to maintain whale stocks; early on the conservation focus was for commercial whaling.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The 1936 Alaska Indian Reorganization Act led to the recognition of 229 Alaska Native tribal entities.

“However, the 1936 Alaska Indian Reorganization Act, an amendment to the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act, led to the recognition of 229 Alaska Native tribal entities (Den Ouden and O'Brien, 2013).”

• cites Den Ouden and O'Brien, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In northern coastal communities, settlements provided monies to outfit new whaling crews, which led to an increase in whaling.

“In northern coastal communities, settlements provided monies to outfit new whaling crews, which led to an increase in whaling (Conrad, 1989;Huntington, 1992).”

• cites Conrad, 1989 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Huntington, 1992 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

By the end of the 1960s, sovkhozy replaced all kolkhozy, and the Soviet government began to introduce fur farms and use marine mammal meat as food for fur animals.

“By the end of the 1960s, sovkhozy replaced all kolkhozy (Khakhovskaya, 2011, p. 119), and the Soviet government began to introduce fur farms and use marine mammal meat as food for fur animals.”

• cites Khakhovskaya, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Inherent tensions revolve around histories of colonialism, including scientific colonialism, and questions of sovereignty and authority.

“Thus, inherent tensions revolve around histories of colonialism (including scientific colonialism) and questions of sovereignty and authority.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Institutions in one environmental space affect another; overlapping international treaties can be characterized as embedded, nested, or clustered.

“Frequently, institutions in one environmental space affect another; Young (1996) characterized overlapping international treaties as embedded, nested, or clustered.”

• cites Young (1996) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Indigenous institutions, including long-enduring rules and norms and more recent practices of Indigenous sovereignty and self-determination, exist within a multi-level governance system.

“Indigenous institutions, including long-enduring rules and norms and more recent practices of Indigenous sovereignty and self-determination, exist within a multi-level governance system.”

May combine two claims.

The IWC was considered largely ineffective until additional multi-lateral environmental agreements were adopted and the US used unilateral action through the Pelly and Packwood-Magnuson Amendments.

“The IWC was considered largely ineffective until additional multi-lateral environmental agreements were adopted (Fitzmaurice, 2013) and the US used unilateral action through the Pelly and Packwood-Magnuson Amendments (Caron, 1995 and see further discussion below).”

• cites Fitzmaurice, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Caron, 1995 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Whaling governance is an important component of oceans governance, providing examples of the earliest bi-lateral oceans agreements among modern nation-states and long-enduring Indigenous governance systems.

“Whaling governance is an important component of oceans governance -providing examples of the earliest bi-lateral oceans agreements amongst modern nation-states (Deal and Tomlins, 2016;Sellheim, 2020) and long enduring Indigenous governance systems (Huntington et al., 2021;Sakakibara, 2020).”

• cites Deal and Tomlins, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Sellheim, 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Huntington et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Oceans governance extends beyond national boundaries and includes multiple policy domains.

“Oceans governance extends beyond national boundaries and includes multiple policy domains (Shivakoti et al., 2021;Stokke, 2013;Young, 1996).”

• cites Shivakoti et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Stokke, 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Young, 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The ICRW signed in 1946 protected many whale species by limiting whaling activities.

“The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) signed in 1946 protected many whale species by limiting whaling ac-tivities (Fig. 2).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Simpson developed a concept of embodied resurgent practice whereby everyday practices of living and being as Indigenous Peoples are forms of resistance disrupting the settler colonial state.

“Indigenous scholar Simpson (2017), building on resurgence scholarship (Hunt and Holmes, 2015), developed a complementary concept of embodied resurgent practice whereby everyday practices of living and being as Indigenous Peoples are forms of resistance disrupting the settler colonial state.”

• cites Simpson (2017)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hunt and Holmes, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Oceans and whaling governance occurs through institutions, defined as rules, norms, and shared strategies, that shape human decisions at all levels.

“Oceans and whaling governance, like governance more generally, occurs through institutions (defined as rules, norms, and shared strategies (Ostrom, 2005)) that shape human decisions at all levels, from individual and household behaviors to nations joining international agreements (York et al., 2021).”

• cites Ostrom, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites York et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Observed power asymmetries and cross-level local to international conflicts threatened subsistence rights and generated research and advocacy fatigue for Chukchi, Iñupiat, Saint Lawrence Island Yupik, and Siberian Yupik communities in the USA and Russia.

“However, observed power asymmetries and cross-level local to international conflicts threatened subsistence rights and generated research and advocacy fatigue for Chukchi, Iñupiat, Saint Lawrence Island Yupik, and Siberian Yupik communities in the USA and Russia.”

• Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain

  “Yet, observed power asymmetries and cross-level local to international conflicts threatened subsistence rights and institutions and generated research and advocacy fatigue (Lubell and Morrison, 2021) for Chukchi, Iñupiat, Saint Lawrence Island (SLI) Yupik, and Siberian Yupik communities.”

• cites Lubell and Morrison, 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

While the non-Indigenous crew of Zvezdny was making use of the catch quota allocated to the Soviet Union, the Indigenous population was losing their traditional whale hunting skills and associated customary laws.

“While the non-Indigenous crew of “Zvezdny'' was making use of the catch quota allocated to the Soviet Union, the Indigenous population was losing their traditional whale hunting skills and associated customary laws.”

May combine two claims.

The United States ceased treaty-making with Indigenous nations in 1871, shortly after the 1867 Treaty of Cessation with the transfer of Alaskan territory from Russia to the United States.

“The United States ceased treaty-making with Indigenous nations in 1871 (Berger, 1985), shortly after the 1867 Treaty of Cessation with the transfer of Alaskan territory from Russia to the United States (Case and Dorough, 2006).”

• cites Berger, 1985Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Case and Dorough, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Obligations in one treaty affect another.

“Like many international treaties, obligations in one treaty affect another (Young 1996).”

• cites Young 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

International conservation focuses on settler states' priorities and scientific knowledge, often leading to Indigenous communities' fatigue, especially associated with continuous demands for research and advocacy.

“The case illustrates how international conservation focuses on settler states' priorities and scientific knowledge often leading to Indigenous communities' fatigue, especially associated with continuous demands for research and advocacy (see Lubell and Morrison, 2021).”

• cites Lubell and Morrison, 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

To meet growing demand, the USSR began to centralize hunts on commercial whaling vessels in the 1940s, which was acknowledged and supported by the 1946 IWC Convention.

“To meet growing demand, the USSR began to centralize hunts on commercial whaling vessels in the 1940s -this was acknowledged and supported by the 1946 IWC Convention.”

May combine two claims.

New forms of Indigenous-led governance in Alaska emerged as Alaska became a state in 1959 and the federal government attempted to resolve Indigenous claims to lands through the Alaska Native Settlement Claims Act in 1971.

“New forms of Indigenous-led governance in Alaska emerged as Alaska became a state (1959) and the federal government attempted to resolve Indigenous claims to lands from time immemorial through the passage of the Alaska Native Settlement Claims Act (ANCSA) in 1971 (Berger, 1985).”

• cites Berger, 1985Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

ANCSA provided funds, mechanisms to fund community infrastructure, and granted economic self-determination through newly formed village and regional corporations.

“ANCSA provided much-needed funds, mechanisms to fund community infrastructure and granted economic self-determination through newly formed village and regional corporations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Within polycentric governance systems, actors strategically navigate to join, create, resist, or adapt existing institutions, which Lubell and Morrison call institutional navigation.

“Within polycentric governance systems, actors strategically navigate to join, create, resist, or adapt existing institutions, what Lubell and Morrison (2021) call institutional navigation.”

• cites Lubell and Morrison (2021) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

In Chukotka, hunters could only hunt by order of the sovkhoz authority; the sovkhoz sent hunters out to hunt with permission granted from the Federal Ministry of Fisheries and the Border Guard Service.

“In Chukotka, hunters could only hunt by order of the sovkhoz authority; the sovkhoz sent hunters out to hunt with permission granted from the Federal Ministry of Fisheries and the Border Guard Service.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Investigating the whaling policy space provides lessons for multi-level oceans governance more broadly and contributes to the goals of the UN Ocean Decade.

“Investigating the whaling policy space provides lessons for multi-level oceans governance more broadly and contributes to the goals of the UN Ocean Decade.”

May combine two claims.

Aboriginal subsistence hunting was initially exempted from oversight, but a growing environmental movement in the 1960s and 1970s led to a moratorium on commercial whaling and the IWC's focus on Indigenous whaling.

““Aboriginal subsistence” hunting was initially exempted from oversight (Sellheim, 2020), but a growing environmental movement in the 1960s and 1970s (as reflected by CITES) led to a moratorium on commercial whaling and IWC's focus on Indigenous whaling (Schiffman, 2003).”

• cites Sellheim, 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Schiffman, 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Recent Russian efforts to repress Indigenous rights reduced engagement internationally and bi-nationally.

“But recent Russian efforts to repress Indigenous rights reduced engagement internationally and bi-nationally.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Whaling across this vast area is characterized by significant cultural, organizational and institutional diversity, but one thing is common to all whaling: it is a social effort led by captains and crews that ultimately provides bowhead to more than one whaling household, one crew or one community.

“Whaling across this vast area is characterized by significant cultural, organizational and institutional diversity, but one thing is common to all whaling -it is a social effort led by captains and crews that ultimately provides bowhead to more than one whaling household, one crew or one community (Fig. 3).”

May combine two claims.

From 1992 Chukotka scientists also collaborated with the North Slope Borough Wildlife Department on bowhead population estimates; later Russian Indigenous hunters provided additional shore-based observations.

“Corresponding with the period of Perestroika and a thawing of the “ice curtain”, from 1992 Chukotka scientists also collaborated with the North Slope Borough Wildlife Department on bowhead population estimates; later Russian Indigenous hunters provided additional shore-based observations (Aho and Meek, 2020).”

• cites Aho and Meek, 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Collectively, through these mechanisms, US and Chukotka whale hunters advanced their interests through both institutional navigations up to the IWC and embodied resurgent practice at home.

“Collectively, through these mechanisms, US and Chukotka whale hunters advanced their interests through both institutional navigations up to the IWC and embodied resurgent practice at home.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In the USSR, efforts to navigate collectivization and maintain multi-generational knowledge or in Russia's current domestic political turmoil, resurrecting village-based whaling are acts of resistance.

“In the USSR, efforts to navigate collectivization and maintain multi-generational knowledge or in Russia's current domestic political turmoil, resurrecting village-based whaling are acts of resistance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Marine mammals account for the majority of sharing from households.

“Marine mammals account for the majority of sharing from households.Adapted from figure in(Kofinas et al., 2016).”

• cites Kofinas et al., 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These epistemologies, underpinned by the values of dominant settler colonial states helming the IWC, initially led to collapse of whale populations and then restricted peoples who have sustainably whaled for millennia.

“The sad irony is that these epistemologies, underpinned by the values of dominant settler colonial states helming the IWC, initially led to collapse of whale populations and then restricted peoples who have sustainably whaled for millennia.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Indigenous peoples have sustainably whaled for millennia.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In the US and Russia, the financial requirements and physical risks associated with small boat whaling are constant.

“In the US and Russia, the financial requirements and physical risks associated with small boat whaling are constant.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The bar set by the IWC in 1977, requiring four decades of cross-level and crossborder alliance building and institutional navigation, and prohibitively expensive, non-stop, cultural translational advocacy is extremely high.

“Indigenous resistance will, of course, continue through practice, advocacy, legal action, and diplomacy, but the bar set by the IWC in 1977, requiring four decades of cross-level and crossborder alliance building and institutional navigation, and prohibitively expensive, non-stop, cultural translational advocacy is extremely high.”

May combine two claims.

This collective action reinforced political engagement within Russia, bi-national and international diplomacy, whaling comanagement, and increased engagement with Indigenous solidarity movements.

“This collective action reinforced political engagement within Russia, bi-national and international diplomacy, whaling comanagement, and increased engagement with Indigenous solidarity movements.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The ongoing conflict with Ukraine, and resultant Russian isolation, has increased uncertainty about the future of the US-Russian co-management efforts.

“Further, the ongoing conflict with Ukraine, and resultant Russian isolation, has increased uncertainty about the future of the US-Russian co-management efforts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Similarly in the US, prioritizing resources and capacity for scientific engagement and legal battles, while keeping whaling vibrant in communities across generations are acts of resistance.

“Similarly in the US, prioritizing resources and capacity for scientific engagement and legal battles, while keeping whaling vibrant in communities across generations are acts of resistance.”

May combine two claims.

These resources supported the legal and scientific work that transformed co-management of whaling and reshaped the international whaling regime.

“These resources supported the legal and scientific work that transformed co-management of whaling and reshaped the international whaling regime.”

May combine two claims.

The Russian Federation requested consideration for a bowhead quota in 1995; ultimately a quota was made available to Chukchi and Siberian Yupik communities through the bilateral agreement in 1997.

“Then the Russian Federation requested consideration for a bowhead quota in 1995 (International Whaling Commission, 1996); ultimately a quota was made available to Chukchi and Siberian Yupik communities through the bilateral agreement in 1997.”

• cites International Whaling Commission, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The US opted not to file an objection, which would have made the change non-binding in the US.

“The US opted not to file an objection, which would have made the change non-binding in the US, and therefore have no effect.”

May combine two claims.

The AEWC organized initially to sue the US, Adams v. Vance; their suit was unsuccessful, but the US was concerned about further legal action related to the Whaling Convention Act of 1949.

“The AEWC organized initially to sue the US, Adams v. Vance (Mason, 1977); their suit was unsuccessful, but the US was concerned about further legal action related to the Whaling Convention Act of 1949.”

• cites Mason, 1977Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

There is frustration that international conservation continues to focus on settler states' priorities and scientific knowledge, even as currently low whale populations are largely due to historic decimation by settler states, whalers and multinational companies.

“There is frustration that international conservation continues to focus on settler states' priorities and scientific knowledge, even as currently low whale populations are largely due to historic decimation -by settler states, whalers and multinational companies.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Currently low whale populations are largely due to historic decimation by settler states, whalers and multinational companies.

May combine two claims.

Although the cases in the US and Russia are distinct, there are similarities in influences across domains (economic, legal, political) and levels, as well as emerging cooperation between the nations and reemergence of cooperation among Chukchi, Iñupiat, Saint Lawrence Island and Siberian Yupik.

“Although the cases in the US and Russia are distinct, there are similarities in influences across domains (economic, legal, political) and levels, as well as emerging cooperation between the nations and reemergence of cooperation among Chukchi, Iñupiat, Saint Lawrence Island (SLI) and Siberian Yupik.”

May combine two claims.

The state provides hunting supplies and storage facilities and subsidizes the whaling obshchiny in Chukotka.

“The state provides hunting supplies (boats, weapons, gear) and storage facilities (Zdor, 2021) and subsidize, through monthly state salaries to hunters and support for the purchase of whaling equipment, the whaling obshchiny in Chukotka (Kolomiets, 2019).”

• cites Zdor, 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kolomiets, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In recent years this funding has been significantly reduced generating concern about the ability of the AEWC to maintain high levels of research, legal, and diplomatic activities.

“Yet in recent years this funding has been significantly reduced generating concern about the ability of the AEWC to maintain high levels of research, legal, and diplomatic activities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Chukotka established a marine mammal hunting school to promote hunting practices for the younger generation in 2020.

“Chukotka established a marine mammal hunting school to promote hunting practices for the younger generation in 2020 (TACC, 2020).”

• cites TACC, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The US-Japan conflict stemmed from Japanese desire to reopen commercial whaling and small-scale subsistence whaling.

“The US-Japan conflict stemmed from Japanese desire to reopen commercial whaling (Stoett, 1997) and small-scale subsistence whaling (Freeman, 1993).”

• cites Stoett, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Freeman, 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The USSR prohibited those under 14 years old from participating in hunting, which curtailed multi-generational knowledge sharing.

“The USSR also prohibited those under 14 years old from participating in hunting, which curtailed multi-generational knowledge sharing (Kerttula, 2000).”

• cites Kerttula, 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Despite this, Indigenous communities must still demonstrate that future engagement in core cultural practices that have been sustainable for millennia, will not harm whale populations.

“Despite this, Indigenous communities must still demonstrate that future engagement in core cultural practices that have been sustainable for millennia, will not harm whale populations.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Indigenous peoples have sustainably whaled for millennia.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Without multi-level resistance by communities, rights to whale would have been erased within an international regime dominated by western scientific practices, epistemologies, and conservation values.

“Without multi-level resistance by communities, rights to whale would have been erased within an international regime dominated by western scientific practices, epistemologies, and conservation values.”

May combine two claims.

While there was no specific law prohibiting traditional whaling by Russian Indigenous Peoples, there was a de facto restriction through the sovkhoz and domination of IWC quota by Zvezdny, and marine mammal hunter age restrictions that limited the ability to pass on multi-generational knowledge.

“Thus, while there was no specific law prohibiting traditional whaling by Russian Indigenous Peoples, there was a de facto restriction through the sovkhoz and domination of IWC quota by the “Zvezdny,” and marine mammal hunter age restrictions that limited the ability to pass on multi-generational knowledge.”

May combine two claims.

In December 1977 the US returned to the IWC to request a small quota and improved monitoring.

“Thus, in December 1977 the US returned to IWC to request a small quota and improved monitoring.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Chukchi, Iñupiat, SLI Yupik, and Siberian Yupik communities exemplified embodied resurgent practice through living and maintaining cultural practices, knowledge, and livelihoods that connect people, the sea and whales in both the past, now, and into the future.

“Chukchi, Iñupiat, SLI Yupik, and Siberian Yupik communities exemplified embodied resurgent practice through living and maintaining cultural practices, knowledge, and livelihoods that connect people, the sea and whales in both the past, now, and into the future.”

May combine two claims.

Early on, the IWC repeatedly pushed for low single year quotas, notably advocating against using acoustic-based scientific methods that would increase the bowhead population numbers and focusing on the inefficiency of bowhead whale hunts.

“Early on, the IWC repeatedly pushed for low single year quotas, notably advocating against using acoustic-based scientific methods that would increase the bowhead population numbers and focusing on the inefficiency of bowhead whale hunts (strikes relative to landed whales) (International Whaling Commission, 1983).”

• cites International Whaling Commission, 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the following years, the IWC created a new category of Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling, with an associated subcommittee, the ASW Working Group.

“In the following years, the IWC created a new category of Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling (ASW), with an associated subcommittee, the ASW Working Group (Alexander, 2013) (Fig. 2).”

• cites Alexander, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The inclusion of Aboriginal Subsistence hunts and IWC restriction of bowhead whaling shifted the locus of policy action significantly, whereby local Indigenous communities resisted and advocated for critical rights through embodied resurgent practice, collective action, and multi-level institutional navigation.

“The inclusion of Aboriginal Subsistence hunts and IWC restriction of bowhead whaling shifted the locus of policy action significantly, whereby local Indigenous communities resisted and advocated for critical rights (Fig. 2) through embodied resurgent practice, collective action, and multi-level institutional navigation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In this process, science played the role of both ally and uneasy arbiter of species population health, cultural integrity, and human need.

“In this process, science played the role of both ally and uneasy arbiter of species population health, cultural integrity, and human need.”

May combine two claims.

The AEWC emerged as a regional body for discourse building upon local Iñupiat and SLI Yupik whaling governance and connected to ICC and pan-Arctic Indigenous movements.

“The AEWC emerged as a regional body for discourse building upon local Iñupiat and SLI Yupik whaling governance and connected to ICC and pan-Arctic Indigenous movements.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

With the fall of the Soviet Union, growing food insecurity fueled cross-border cooperation with SLI Yupik and Iñupiat restoring historic whaling community ties and driving reemergence of local hunting.

“Likewise, with the fall of the Soviet Union, growing food insecurity fueled cross-border cooperation with SLI Yupik and Iñupiat restoring historic whaling community ties and driving reemergence of local hunting.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

After the fall of the USSR, Chukotka whale hunters were able to forge new relationships with AEWC through the new bi-lateral agreement.

“After the fall of the USSR, Chukotka whale hunters were able to forge new relationships with AEWC through the new bi-lateral agreement.”

May combine two claims.

Quota determinations and implementation reflected dynamism of the governance process in terms of bi-national coordination and conflict, changing national political and economic contexts and subnational co-management governance, shifting whaling politics, and understanding of obligations to other treaties, such as UNDRIP.

“Quota determinations and implementation reflected dynamism of the governance process in terms of bi-national coordination and conflict, changing national political and economic contexts and subnational co-management governance (especially in Russia), shifting whaling politics, and understanding of obligations to other treaties, such as UNDRIP with a strengthened focus on Indigenous rights within”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In the Soviet Union, the Ministry of Natural Resources implemented the 1946 IWC Convention.

“In the Soviet Union, the Ministry of Natural Resources implemented the 1946 IWC Convention.”

May combine two claims.

The Soviet proposal did not pass, but the IWC granted a temporary single-year quota in 1977 for 18 harpoon strikes for Iñupiat and Saint Lawrence Island Yupik.

“The Soviet proposal did not pass, but the IWC granted a temporary single-year quota in 1977 for 18 harpoon strikes for Iñupiat and SLI Yupik (Reeves, 2002) (Table 1).”

• cites Reeves, 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Arctic Indigenous whaling occurs during seasonal spring or fall efforts by crews, made up of related or unrelated individuals and led by boat captains and their wives/partners, who hunt migrating bowhead whales using small craft.

“Arctic Indigenous whaling occurs during seasonal spring or fall efforts by crews, made up of related (or unrelated) individuals and led by boat captain(s) 8 and their wives/partners, who hunt migrating bowhead whales using small craft.”

May combine two claims.

The IWC's decision to eliminate the exemption for Aboriginal subsistence whaling of bowhead whales, and the US inaction in filing an objection, extended the whaling ban to Iñupiat and Saint Lawrence Island Yupik.

“The IWC's decision to eliminate the exemption for Aboriginal subsistence whaling of bowhead whales, and the US inaction in filing an objection, extended the whaling ban to Iñupiat and SLI Yupik (Mason 1977;Reeves 2002).”

• cites Mason 1977Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Reeves 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife, staffed by Indigenous and western scientists, incorporated the knowledge of elders and whaling captains and conducted new population counts using both sight and sonar technology.

“The North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife staffed by Indigenous and western scientists, incorporated the knowledge of elders and whaling captains and conducted new population counts using both sight and sonar technology (Fig. 2).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The deletion of 'right' whales from the prior schedule effectively created a moratorium on bowhead hunting at the June 1977 meeting.

“Deleted”

May combine two claims.

In 1987, the USSR requested that they receive 3-5 bowhead whales to support Chukotka communities, but this was not approved.

“In 1987, the USSR requested that they receive 3-5 bowhead whales to support Chukotka communities (International Whaling Commission, 1988), but this was not approved.”

• cites International Whaling Commission, 1988Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Political security risks in Russia exist for individuals and Indigenous groups and whaling obshchiny deal with sometimes adversarial administration agencies and safety risks due to generational losses of whaling practice and skill.

“Political security risks in Russia exist for individuals and Indigenous groups and whaling obshchiny deal with sometimes adversarial administration agencies and safety risks due to generational losses of whaling practice and skill.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Chukotka, bowhead whales were the primary species hunted until the mid-20th century.

“In Chukotka, bowhead whales were the primary species hunted until the mid-20th century (Krupnik, 1987).”

• cites Krupnik, 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Representatives from the AEWC and North Slope Borough argued that 18 whales harvested was the minimum necessary for subsistence; the Soviet Union supported this with a proposal granting a quota of 18 landed whales and offered use of their commercial whaling ships to reduce the loss of whales struck but not captured; the US representatives declined the use of the Soviet whaling ship.

“Representatives from the AEWC and North Slope Borough argued that 18 whales harvested was the minimum necessary for subsistence; the Soviet Union supported this with a proposal granting a quota of 18 landed whalesand offered use of their commercial whaling ships to reduce the loss of whales struck but not captured -the US representatives declined the use of the Soviet whaling ship (Camerino, 1978”

• cites Camerino, 1978Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This has been combined with impressive legal and diplomatic strategies positioning the AEWC as a central policy actor.

“This has been combined with impressive legal and diplomatic strategies positioning the AEWC, as a central policy actor.”

May combine two claims.

While Indigenous hunters resumed whaling with small boats, there was partial loss of multi-generational knowledge during the Soviet Era, and renewed hunting resulted in several accidents and deaths in Chukchi communities.

“While Indigenous hunters resumed whaling with small boats, there was partial loss of multi-generational knowledge during the Soviet Era, and renewed hunting resulted in several accidents and deaths in Chukchi communities (Zdor, 2021).”

• cites Zdor, 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The denial of the five-year block quota for the bowhead whale in May 2002 hinged on uncertainties surrounding subpopulations of the bowhead and environmental risks, such as those related to energy development, as well as ongoing political disagreements particularly with Japan.

“The denial hinged on uncertainties surrounding subpopulations of the bowhead and environmental risks, such as those related to energy development, as well as ongoing political disagreements particularly with Japan 11 (International Whaling Commission, 2003).”

• cites International Whaling Commission, 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The AEWC built legal representation with personnel based in Washington DC, collaborated with scientists when interests aligned, and financed the travel of commissioners to AEWC and IWC meetings.

“The AEWC built legal representation with personnel based in Washington DC, collaborated with scientists when interests aligned, and financed the travel of commissioners to AEWC and IWC meetings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Domestic changes in Russia, including changes in governorship and freedom to engage in political speech, limited Indigenous resistance in more visible ways, and so too did lack of economic resources.

“Domestic changes in Russia, including changes in governorship and freedom to engage in political speech, limited Indigenous resistance in more visible ways, and so too did lack of economic resources.”

May combine two claims.

Nine North Slope and Saint Lawrence Island Yupik whaling communities created the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission in 1977 to resist the whaling moratorium; the AEWC now includes 11 communities.

“Nine North Slope and SLI Yupik whaling communities created the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission (AEWC) in 1977 to resist the whaling moratorium -the AEWC now includes 11 communities (Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission, n.d.).”

• cites Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission, n.d.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The same method has been applied five additional times to calculate the need for bowhead, in '91, '94, '97, '02, '07 and '12.

“The same method has been applied five additional times to calculate the need for bowhead, in '91, '94, '97, '02, '07 and '12 (Stephen R. Braund & Associates, 2012;2007, 2002, 1997, 1994, 1992).”

• cites Stephen R. Braund & Associates, 2012;2007, 2002, 1997, 1994, 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In following years, Sweden furthered the new discourse by referencing UNDRIP, and Switzerland used UNDRIP to frame understanding of collective rights and international treaties.

“In following years, Sweden furthered the new discourse by referencing the UN Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) (International Whaling Commission, 2009), and Switzerland used UNDRIP to frame understanding of collective rights and international treaties (International Whaling Commission, 2012).”

• cites International Whaling Commission, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites International Whaling Commission, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

US communities face strains associated with extended travel and advocacy with audiences that are uneducated and sometimes overtly hostile to Indigenous whaling.

“US communities face strains associated with extended travel and advocacy with audiences that are uneducated and sometimes overtly hostile to Indigenous whalingall those engaging”

May combine two claims.

Community members, crews, captains, and commissioners' embodied resurgent practices are acts of resistance and integral to multi-level whaling governance.

“Community members, crews, captains, and commissioners' embodied resurgent practices are acts of resistance and integral to multi-level whaling governance.”

May combine two claims.

Until 1977, Indigenous bowhead whaling in Beringia existed outside the international regime, but domestic nation-state policies affected who was considered Indigenous and affected coastal communities' economic and political self-determination.

“Until 1977, Indigenous bowhead whaling in Beringia existed outside the international regime, but domestic nation-state policies affected who and the Kuugmiut, coastal marine people of the Kuk River both settled at Ul ġuniq, named as Wainwright Inlet for the first non-native people to travel the lagoon in 1826. 5USSR is reported to have illegally caught bowhead in the Okhotsk Sea throughout the 196”

May combine two claims.

North Slope Borough leaders, historically whaling captains or their partners themselves, were able to leverage their position and networks, staff a wildlife department, and provide resources to support the AEWC.

“North Slope Borough leaders, historically whaling captains or their partners themselves, were able to leverage their position and networks, staff a wildlife department, and provide resources to support the AEWCsocial capital (and simply resources) were critical (see similar discussion in Lubell and Morrison, 2021).”

• cites Lubell and Morrison, 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Resistance on the Chukotka side has been hidden in some ways, but Indigenous peoples maintained their whaling practices throughout incredibly turbulent political periods.

“Resistance on the Chukotka side has been hidden in some ways, but Indigenous peoples maintained their whaling practices throughout incredibly turbulent political periods.”