Monitoring and Measuring Autophagy
Open accessAbstract
Autophagy is a cytoplasmic degradation system, which is important for starvation adaptation and cellular quality control. Recent advances in understanding autophagy highlight its importance under physiological and pathological conditions. However, methods for monitoring autophagic activity are complicated and the results are sometimes misinterpreted. Here, we review the methods used to identify autophagic structures, and to measure autophagic flux in cultured cells and animals. We will also describe the existing autophagy reporter mice that are useful for autophagy studies and drug testing. Lastly, we will consider the attempts to monitor autophagy in samples derived from humans.
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The difference in the levels of autophagy markers before and after chloroquine treatment correlates with the number of autophagosomes being degraded upon fusion with the lysosome during a specific time frame.
“The difference in the levels of these autophagy markers before and after treatment with chloroquine correlates with the number of autophagosomes that are being degraded upon fusion with the lysosome during a specific time frame [119].”
From Senescence-related impairment of autophagy induces toxic intraneuronal amyloid-β accumulation in a mouse model of amyloid pathology (2023) · cites this paper as [119]
LC3 is converted from LC3-I to LC3-II during autophagosome formation, and p62 is an autophagy cargo that binds to LC3.
“This can be achieved by measuring the levels of proteins associated with autophagosomes, such as the microtubule‐associated protein 1A/1B‐light chain 3 (LC3), which is converted from LC3-I to LC3-II during autophagosome formation, and p62 (also called sequestosome 1 or SQSTM1), an autophagy cargo that binds to LC3 [119].”
From Senescence-related impairment of autophagy induces toxic intraneuronal amyloid-β accumulation in a mouse model of amyloid pathology (2023) · cites this paper as [119]
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- Authors
- Yoshii, S. R., & Mizushima, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Basel (CH)
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Mizushima, Noboru
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2017-08-28
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1865
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5618514
- OpenAlex
- W2748137738
- Cited by
- 1,107
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 142 · 2023: 147 · 2022: 159 · 2021: 193 · 2020: 146 · 2019: 110 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 10.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (25111001, 25111005)
- TOYOBO Biotechnology Foundation Grants-in-Aid
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Calcium signaling and nucleotide metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
- Keywords
- autophagy, autophagy monitoring, autophagic flux, autophagy markers, drug testing, human samples, starvation adaptation, cell quality control
- MeSH terms
- Autophagosomes, Autophagy-Related Proteins, Animals, Autophagy, Humans, Microscopy, Fluorescence
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