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Cited by 776Sepsis Diagnosis and TreatmentInflammation biomarkers and pathwaysAcute Kidney Injury Research

The Pathogenesis of Sepsis and Potential Therapeutic Targets

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Huang, Min, Cai, Shaoli, Su, Jingqian·2019·International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DOI 10.3390/ijms20215376PMC PMC6862039
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Abstract

Sepsis is defined as “a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a host’s dysfunctional response to infection”. Although the treatment of sepsis has developed rapidly in the past few years, sepsis incidence and mortality in clinical treatment is still climbing. Moreover, because of the diverse manifestations of sepsis, clinicians continue to face severe challenges in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of patients with sepsis. Here, we review the recent development in our understanding regarding the cellular pathogenesis and the target of clinical diagnosis of sepsis, with the goal of enhancing the current understanding of sepsis. The present state of research on targeted therapeutic drugs is also elaborated upon to provide information for the treatment of sepsis.

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  • SOFA and APACHE II were designed to quantify organ dysfunction and estimate mortality risk rather than to diagnose sepsis or support early detection.

    “the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) were designed to quantify organ dysfunction and estimate mortality risk rather than to diagnose sepsis or support early detection.”

    From Explainable AI for critical care: a systematic review of interpretable models for sepsis and ICU mortality prediction (2026) · cites this paper as [9]

    The Definition section explicitly describes SOFA as a sepsis diagnostic criterion for ICU patients with infection or suspected infection, contrary to the claim that it is not used to diagnose sepsis. The paper cautions that SOFA is not an independent definition of sepsis and that relying on it can delay diagnosis, but those qualifications do not support the categorical claim. Its mention of APACHE II in the Biomarkers section does not establish what that score was designed to do. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

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  • SOFA and APACHE II are limited in identifying subtle early physiological deterioration within complex ICU data.

    “Traditional scoring systems, such as SOFA and APACHE II, provide clinical benchmarks but often fail to capture subtle early signs of deterioration.”

    From Explainable AI for critical care: a systematic review of interpretable models for sepsis and ICU mortality prediction (2026) · cites this paper as [9]

    The Definition section (page not provided) says SOFA-based criteria may delay diagnosis of severe infection, supporting a limitation in early detection. The paper mentions APACHE II in its Biomarkers of Sepsis section (page not provided) only in relation to a biomarker correlation; it does not say APACHE II misses early deterioration or assess either score’s ability to detect subtle changes in complex ICU data. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Huang, M., Cai, S., & Su, J.
Affiliations
Fujian Normal University (CN)
Corresponding author
  • Cai, Shaoli
  • Su, Jingqian
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2019-10-29
Volume
20
Issue
21
Pages
5376
ISSN
1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijms20215376
PMC
PMC6862039
OpenAlex
W2982027455
Cited by
776
References
8
Citations by year
2026: 81 · 2025: 145 · 2024: 191 · 2023: 166 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 11 · 2018: 1
FWCI
7.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (81803547)
  • Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2018J01720)
  • Innovative Research Teams Program II of Fujian Normal University in China (IRTL1703, FZSKG2018013)
  • the Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Product of State Oceanic Administration (FZHJ14)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Inflammation biomarkers and pathways
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Acute Kidney Injury Research
Keywords
sepsis, pathogenesis, host response to infection, organ dysfunction, sepsis diagnosis, targeted therapy, therapeutic target, sepsis mortality
MeSH terms
Autophagy, Blood Coagulation Disorders, Humans, Inflammation, Virulence, Biomarkers, Incidence, Sepsis, Mitochondrial Diseases, Neuroendocrine Cells, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

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