Cited by 1,070Pharmacogenetics and Drug MetabolismDrug Transport and Resistance MechanismsMetal-Catalyzed Oxygenation Mechanisms

Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Drug Metabolism in Humans

Open access
Zhao, Mingzhe, Ma, Jingsong, Li, Mo, Zhang, Yingtian, Jiang, Bixuan, Zhao, Xianglong, Huai, Cong, Shen, Lu +3 more·2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Abstract

Human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, as membrane-bound hemoproteins, play important roles in the detoxification of drugs, cellular metabolism, and homeostasis. In humans, almost 80% of oxidative metabolism and approximately 50% of the overall elimination of common clinical drugs can be attributed to one or more of the various CYPs, from the CYP families 1–3. In addition to the basic metabolic effects for elimination, CYPs are also capable of affecting drug responses by influencing drug action, safety, bioavailability, and drug resistance through metabolism, in both metabolic organs and local sites of action. Structures of CYPs have recently provided new insights into both understanding the mechanisms of drug metabolism and exploiting CYPs as drug targets. Genetic polymorphisms and epigenetic changes in CYP genes and environmental factors may be responsible for interethnic and interindividual variations in the therapeutic efficacy of drugs. In this review, we summarize and highlight the structural knowledge about CYPs and the major CYPs in drug metabolism. Additionally, genetic and epigenetic factors, as well as several intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to interindividual variation in drug response are also reviewed, to reveal the multifarious and important roles of CYP-mediated metabolism and elimination in drug therapy.

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Crossref · 10.3390/ijms222312808

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  • These enzymes are responsible for metabolizing 70% of clinically prescribed drugs.

    “These enzymes are responsible for metabolizing 70% of clinically prescribed drugs22,23, establishing this timepoint as pivotal for investigating drug metabolism, interactions, and toxicity.”

    From ​Temporal proteomic profiling of iPSC-derived human liver organoids reveals optimal maturation for drug metabolism and toxicology (2026) · cites this paper as [22]

    The Introduction and Section 4 say CYP1–3 enzymes metabolize about 80% of clinical drugs, while Section 2 says CYPs account for approximately 75% of drugs processed by enzymes. These passages support the central point that CYPs metabolize a large share of drugs, but neither gives the claimed 70% of clinically prescribed drugs. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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Authors
Zhao, M., Ma, J., Li, M., Zhang, Y., Jiang, B., Zhao, X., Huai, C., Shen, L., Zhang, N., He, L., & Qin, S.
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
  • Institutes for Shanghai Pudong Decoding Life, Shanghai 200135, China
Corresponding author
Qin, Shengying
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-11-26
Volume
22
Issue
23
Pages
12808
ISSN
1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3216238012
Cited by
1,070
References
124
Citations by year
2026: 255 · 2025: 349 · 2024: 301 · 2023: 134 · 2022: 30
FWCI
20.56
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • National Nature Science Foundation of China (81773818, 81273596, 30900799, 81671326)
  • National key research and development program (2016YFC0905000, 2016YFC0905002, 2016YFC1200200, 2016YFC0906400)
  • 111 project, Shanghai Pujiang Program (17PJD020)
  • Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders (13dz2260500)
  • Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Fund (20DZ2202000, 21002411100)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Metal-Catalyzed Oxygenation Mechanisms
Keywords
cytochrome P450, drug metabolism, human drug metabolism, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2B6, CYP2A6, CYP2E1, CYP1B1, CYP1A1
MeSH terms
Animals, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Humans, Metabolic Clearance Rate, Inactivation, Metabolic, Polymorphism, Genetic, Xenobiotics

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