Extending the UTAUT2 Model with a Privacy Calculus Model to Enhance the Adoption of a Health Information Application in Malaysia
Open accessAbstract
This study validates and extends the latest unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) with the privacy calculus model. To evaluate the adoption of healthcare and e-government applications, researchers have recommended—in previous literature—the application of technology adoption models with privacy, trust, and security-related constructs. However, the current UTAUT2 model lacks privacy, trust, and security-related constructs. Therefore, the proposed UTAUT2 with the privacy calculus model is incorporated into four constructs: privacy concern, perceived risk, trust in the smart national identity card (SNIC), and perceived credibility. Results from a survey data of 720 respondents show that habit, effort expectancy, performance expectancy, social influence, hedonic motivation, and price value are direct determinants that influence behavioral intentions to use. Results also revealed that behavioral intentions, facilitating conditions, habits, perceived risks, and privacy concerns are direct predictors of ‘use behavior’. The authors also analyzed the interrelationships among the research constructs. The extended model may lead toward establishing better innovative e-health services to cover the desires of the citizens through the use of health information applications embedded in an all-in-one card.
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Empirical studies in e-commerce, healthcare, and internet banking have consistently demonstrated that trust increases technology adoption.
“Empirical studies in a variety of contexts, including e-commerce, healthcare, and internet banking, have consistently demonstrated the importance of trust in increasing technology adoption [3,30,64].”
Privacy concerns can significantly affect users' acceptance and use of the platform economy.
“Privacy concerns can significantly affect users' acceptance and use of the platform economy [3].”
Trust in technology plays a crucial role in users' adoption and use of the platform economy, especially in situations of risk and uncertainty.
“Trust in technology plays a crucial role in users' adoption and use of the platform economy, especially in situations of risk and uncertainty [3,33,63].”
Privacy concerns significantly influence users' intentions and actual use of the platform economy.
“Our study found that perceived risk and privacy concerns significantly influence users' intentions and actual use of the platform economy [3,59].”
Trust in technology is a key determinant of user adoption.
“Trust in technology has also been identified as a key determinant of user adoption [3,61].”
Perceived risk significantly influences users' intentions and actual use of the platform economy.
“Our study found that perceived risk and privacy concerns significantly influence users' intentions and actual use of the platform economy [3,59].”
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Al‐Adwan, A. S., Jafar, R. M. S., & Sitar‐Tăut, D. (2024) · Asia Pacific Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.apmrv.2024.09.004 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Biloš, A., & Budimir, B. (2024) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer19020045 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Factors influencing the acceptance of telemedicine in the Philippines
Ong, A. K. S., Kurata, Y. B., Castro, S. A. D. G., Leon, J. P. B. D., Rosa, H. V. D., & Tomines, A. P. J. (2022) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102040 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Thanthrige, A. N. W., Lu, B., Sako, Z. Z., & Wickramasinghe, N. S. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/64524 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ong, A. K. S., German, J. D., Redi, A. A. N. P., Cordova, L. N. Z., Longanilla, F. A. B., Caprecho, N. L., & Javier, R. A. V. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15097657 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Halbusi, H. A., Al‐Sulaiti, K. I., Abdelfattah, F., Ahmad, A. B., & Hassan, S. S. (2024) · Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management · doi:10.1108/jstpm-03-2023-0042 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Aranyossy, M. (2022) · Informatics · doi:10.3390/informatics9030071 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Factors Affecting Stakeholder Acceptance of a Malaysian Smart City
Hamamurad, Q. H., Jusoh, N. M., & Ujang, U. (2022) · Smart Cities · doi:10.3390/smartcities5040077 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Liu, N., Deng, W., & Ayub, A. F. M. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13349-3 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Purchasing Intentions Analysis of Hybrid Cars Using Random Forest Classifier and Deep Learning
Ong, A. K. S., Cordova, L. N. Z., Longanilla, F. A. B., Caprecho, N. L., Javier, R. A. V., Borres, R. D., & German, J. D. (2023) · World Electric Vehicle Journal · doi:10.3390/wevj14080227 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Busch-Casler, J., & Radić, M. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/41635 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Fu, K., Ye, C., Wang, Z., Wu, M., Liu, Z., & Yuan, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1618169 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Dahmani, M., & Ben Youssef, A. (2023) · Platforms · doi:10.3390/platforms1010005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Alshehri, D., Noman, N., Chiong, R., Miah, S. J., Sverdlov, A. L., & Ngo, D. T. M. (2025) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.110142 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Yao, P., Osman, S., Sabri, M. F., Zainudin, N., & Li, Y. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19131 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Unpacking Youth Privacy Management in AI Systems: A Privacy Calculus Model Analysis
Shouli, A., Barthwal, A., Campbell, M., & Shrestha, A. K. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3585635 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ye, C., Wang, Z., Wu, M., Kang, R., Yuan, F., & Chen, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1650804 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Factors influencing the adoption and acceptance of eHealth in Malaysia: a systematic review
Sampa, M. B., Aziz, N. H. A., Rahman, M. S., Hasan, M., & Aziz, N. A. A. (2025) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/09581596.2025.2519780 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Security and Privacy Concerns in the Adoption of IoT Smart Homes: A User-Centric Analysis
Magara, T., & Zhou, Y. (2024) · American Journal of Information Science and Technology · doi:10.11648/j.ajist.20240801.11 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mohammed, A., & Rózsa, Z. (2024) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-11-2023-0989 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Prasad, S., Sharma, Y., & Suri, A. (2023) · Vision The Journal of Business Perspective · doi:10.1177/09722629231187260 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kuhail, M. A., Mrabet, J., Hijazi, R., & Thomas, J. (2025) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1155/hbe2/8825536 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hossain, M. K., Salam, M. A., & Akhond, M. R. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34520 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ofori, P. P. (2024) · Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ejhs.v34i1.6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Factors Influencing Consumers’ Acceptance of Smartphone Diet Applications: An Integrated Model
Mohammed, A. (2024) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1155/2024/4881810 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Beerbaum, J., Robens, S., Fehring, L., Mortsiefer, A., & Meister, S. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/58867 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Empowering Healthcare through Precision Medicine: Unveiling the Nexus of Social Factors and Trust
Tan, B. T. N., Khan, M. I., Saleh, A., Wangchuk, D., Talukder, M. J. H., & Kinght-Agarwal, C. R. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11243177 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Extension of the UTAUT2 Model: A Case Study of Indonesian SMEs Acceptance of Social Commerce
Arista, A., Tjahjanto, T., Ernawati, I., Purabaya, R. H., & Abdullah, E. F. H. S. (2023) · JOIV International Journal on Informatics Visualization · doi:10.30630/joiv.7.4.01847 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Mao, Y., & Cheang, P. Y. S. (2026) · Information and Computer Security · doi:10.1108/ics-10-2025-0432 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Digital Banking Adoption Intention Model in Malaysia: A Pilot Study
Rashid, S. N. M., Noranee, S., & Bahtar, A. Z. (2023) · Information Management and Business Review · doi:10.22610/imbr.v15i3(si).3480 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pedro, J. K. O. S., Ong, A. K. S., Mendoza, S. D. O., Novela, J. R. J., & Gumasing, M. J. J. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104521 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Boccia, F., & Palmieri, N. (2025) · Sustainable Horizons · doi:10.1016/j.horiz.2025.100140 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Acceptance of Digital Health Care Technology and the Role of Nursing Education
Han, J.-Y., Kim, M., Ryu, K. H., & Shin, K. (2024) · The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing · doi:10.3928/00220124-20241107-03 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Reflections of Fitness—Investigating User Acceptance of Smart Fitness Mirrors Based on UTAUT2
Zhang, Y., Yang, S., & Wei, W. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3589248 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nyamekye, E., Mensah, L. K., & Mutawakil, A.-R. (2026) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2026.2641773 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Aydın, G., Kumru, S., & Balin, H. (2026) · Informatics for Health and Social Care · doi:10.1080/17538157.2026.2676934 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Liu, K., Tan, W. H., & Saari, E. M. (2023) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2023.2244793 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
UNDERSTANDING CONSUMERS INTENTION TO PURCHASE GREEN VEHICLE: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Ahmad, N. A., Esa, N. E. Y., Rahman, A. A., Haron, H., & Nazmi, F. M. (2023) · International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Management Practices · doi:10.35631/ijemp.623005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Extension of the UTAUT2 Model: A Case Study of Indonesian SMEs Acceptance of Social Commerce
Arista, A., Tjahjanto, T., Ernawati, I., Purabaya, R. H., & Abdullah, E. F. H. S. (2023) · JOIV International Journal on Informatics Visualization · doi:10.62527/joiv.7.4.1847 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Agyemang, C. M., Subramanyam, T., & Boison, D. K. (2024) · International Journal of Religion · doi:10.61707/y70rj647 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gen Z's Interest in Online Travel Agencies in Indonesia: A Modified UTAUT2
Leon, J., Simanjuntak, F., & Firmansyah, M. D. (2025) · Jurnal Teknologi Terapan G-Tech · doi:10.70609/gtech.v9i1.6191 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Omar, N. N., Rashid, M. S. A., Malek, S. N. A., Bakar, A. S. A., Hassan, N. H., & Zainal, C. N. A. S. C. (2024) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-49544-1_40 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Protecting Private Information for Two Classes of Aggregated Database Queries
Yang, X., Yi, X., Kelarev, A. V., Rylands, L., Lin, Y., & Ryan, J. (2022) · Informatics · doi:10.3390/informatics9030066 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Factors that Affect the Adoption of Digital Bank in Indonesia
Deniswara, K., Nurjadi, K. A., Nathaniel, E., Lisanti, Y., Lega, A. D. P., & Wardhani, M. A. (2022) · International Conference on E-Business and Internet (ICEBI) · doi:10.1145/3572647.3572671 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Thanthrige, A. N. W., Wickramasinghe, N. S., Lu, B., & Sako, Z. Z. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.64524 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
House of Quality for Safe Cities
Díaz-Parra, O., Fuentes-Penna, A., Marroquín-Gutiérrez, F., Ramos-Fernandez, J. C., Rodríguez-Lara, B. M., Barrera-Cámara, R. A., Ruiz-Jaimes, M. Á., & Tafoya-Rivera, E. V. (2023) · Advances in finance, accounting, and economics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-0373-3.ch006
Unlocking Nanotechnology Adoption Intention in the Malaysian Food Industry
Wahab, S. N., Rajendran, S. D., Yeap, S. P., & Tan, A. (2023) · Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal · doi:10.21834/e-bpj.v8i26.4973
SECURITY AND PRIVACY CONCERNS IN THE ADOPTION OF IOT SMART HOMES: A USER-CENTRIC ANALYSIS
Magara, T., & Zhou, Y. (2024) · Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg · doi:10.61586/zyytd
Rashid, S. N. M., Noranee, S., & Bahtar, A. Z. (2024) · Information Management and Business Review · doi:10.22610/imbr.v16i3s(i)a.4141
From Data to Decisions: Enhancing AI Adoption in Healthcare Through Transparent Explanations
Hassan, A. H., & bin Sulaiman, R. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5217-4_13
Alkhalaf, Z., & Alhauli, A. (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23091121
Yi, X., Song, X., Jin, J., Sun, L., Qu, H., Huang, H., & Zhu, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1849389
Healthcare Digital Transformation in Malaysia: A Paradox of Policy and Practices
Arif, M. F. B. M., & Rami, A. A. M. (2026) · International Journal of Education and Training (InjET) · doi:10.47836/injet.12.1.09
Havenga, F. D., & Ramphal, R. R. (2026) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069261473129
Kalyar, F., MacIntyre, C. R., Kunasekaran, M. P., Poulos, C. J., de Silva, C., Skouteris, H., & Chughtai, A. A. (2026) · Health Information Management Journal · doi:10.1177/18333583261452982
- Authors
- Bile Hassan, I., Murad, M. A. A., El-Shekeil, I., & Liu, J.
- Affiliations
- Department of Computer Science and Cybersecurity, Metro State University, 700 7th St E, St. Paul, MN 55106, USA
- Universiti Putra Malaysia (MY)
- Metropolitan State University (US)
- Venue
- Informatics
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-03-28
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 31
- ISSN
- 2227-9709 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4221099051
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 9.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Informatics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Technology Adoption and User Behaviour
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Health, Technology, Consumer Behavior
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Privacy, Security, and Data Protection
- Keywords
- UTAUT2, privacy calculus, technology adoption, health information application, privacy concerns, risk perception, trust, perceived credibility, behavioral intention, use behavior, e-health services, e-government applications, Malaysia
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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