Effects of Antidepressant Treatment on Peripheral Biomarkers in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
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Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent mental illness and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Despite a range of effective treatments, more than 30% of patients do not achieve remission as a result of conventional therapy. In these circumstances the identification of novel drug targets and pathogenic factors becomes essential for selecting more efficacious and personalized treatment. Increasing evidence has implicated the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of depression, revealing potential new pathways and treatment options. Moreover, convergent evidence indicates that MDD is related to disturbed neurogenesis and suggests a possible role of neurotrophic factors in recovery of function in patients. Although the influence of antidepressants on inflammatory cytokines balance was widely reported in various studies, the exact correlation between drugs used and specific cytokines and neurotrophins serum levels often remains inconsistent. Available data suggest anti-inflammatory properties of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), selective serotonin and noradrenaline inhibitors (SNRIs), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) as a possible additional mechanism of reduction of depressive symptoms. In this review, we outline emerging data regarding the influence of different antidepressant drugs on a wide array of peripheral biomarkers such as interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, C-reactive protein (CRP), or interferon (IFN)-γ. Presented results indicate anti-inflammatory effect for selected drugs or lack of such effect. Research in this field is insufficient to define the role of inflammatory markers as a predictor of treatment response in MDD.
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Anti-inflammatory action of SSRI and SNRIs has been hypothesized through which they can indirectly reduce depressive symptoms, although findings are still contradictory.
“Indeed, anti-inflammatory action of SSRI and serotonin and noradrenaline inhibitors (SNRIs) has been hypothesized through which they can indirectly reduce depressive symptoms [124,125,126], even though the findings are still contradictory [77].”
From C-Reactive protein as a biomarker for major depressive disorder? (2022) · cites this paper as [125]
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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.002.0009
Dimensions and Implications of Cultural Identity
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.003.0004
Seeing Depression Through A Cultural Lens
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.001.0001
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.002.0006
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.003.0002
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.003.0006
Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science: Depression in Traditional Medicine
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.003.0009
South Korea: Han and Passionate Intensity
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.003.0012
Picturing Depression: Faces, Backgrounds, and Foregrounds
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.003.0001
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.002.0003
Cultural Identity and Personal Biography
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.003.0005
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.003.0018
Cultural Correlates and Clinical Consequences
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.003.0008
Depression and Social Class: A Four-Dimensional View
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.003.0007
Japan: Invisible Double-Edged Swords
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.003.0011
China: Confucian Harmony and Dissonance
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.003.0010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Beyond Shades of Gray: Depression and the Bipolar Spectrum
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.003.0003
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.002.0007
Flying High, Feeling Low: Depression in Airline Pilots
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.003.0017
American Regional Cultures and Geography of Mood
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.003.0014
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.002.0004
The Dark Side of Creative Talent
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.003.0015
Physicians in Pain: Depression in the Medical Profession
Fogel, B. S., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190850074.003.0016
Hao, W., Wang, L., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Pan, W., Luo, X., Zhu, X., Huang, Y., Wang, N., Yan, L., et al. (2025) · Food Science and Human Wellness · doi:10.26599/fshw.2025.9250552
Decreased PON1 activity as a biological marker for depressive disorders: a narrative review
Levada, O. A., & Troian, O. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100947
Wu, Y., Mi, Y., Cui, H., Song, Q., & Ruan, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2025.1554897
Mazzelli, M., Saleri, S., Zonca, V., Marizzoni, M., Riva, M. A., Begni, V., & Cattaneo, A. (2026) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom16020327
Hu, S., Han, H., Dai, L., Shui, K., & Lin, M. (2026) · Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research · doi:10.1177/03601293261423248
Samefors, M., Rådholm, K., Östgren, C. J., Ernberg, M. M., Mannerkorpi, K., Kosek, E., & Ghafouri, B. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2025-0043
Progress on the neurotrophic effects of antidepressant drugs
Jing, P., Liu, X.-C., Yin, X.-P., Fu, Y., Tian, Q., & Zhang, X.-B. (2026) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v16.i4.115300
Investigation of C-reactive Protein (CRP) in Never-Treated Depressed Patients
Elrassas, H. H., Mohamed, A. S., Shaker, N. M., Sultan, M. A.-R., Zeidan, T. M. S., & Abdeen, M. S. (2026) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/0118743501453955260830101707
- Authors
- Mosiołek, A., Pięta, A., Jakima, S., Zborowska, N., Mosiołek, J., & Szulc, A.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Warsaw (PL)
- Mazovia Specialist Health Center in Pruszków, Partyzantów 2/4 Street, 05-802 Pruszków, Poland
- Wroclaw Medical University (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Mosiołek, Anna
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Medicine
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-04-15
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1706
- ISSN
- 2077-0383 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8071355
- OpenAlex
- W3152762982
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 0.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, antidepressants, peripheral biomarkers, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines, neurotrophic factors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, interleukins, C-reactive protein, interferon-gamma, treatment response prediction, neurogenesis
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