Increased serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and treatment response in major depressive disorder
Abstract
Rationale Over the last 15 years, an increasing body of evidence has suggested a causal relationship between depression and the immunological activation and hypersecretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). However, little is known about the probable relationship of serum TNF-alpha with major depressive disorder (MDD).Objective To assess whether serum TNF-alpha levels could be associated with the clinical course of MDD.Subjects and methods TNF-alpha and C-reactive protein (CRP) serum concentrations, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and leukocyte count were measured in 26 MDD patients and in 17 controls. The measurements were repeated following 6 weeks of antidepressant treatment with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. Psychopathological improvement and the severity of depression were evaluated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).Results On admission, serum TNF-alpha and leukocyte count were significantly higher in MDD patients compared to controls ( P<0.001 and P=0.005, respectively). With the antidepressant treatment, both HAMD and BDI scores decreased significantly (P<0.001 for both). Comparison of pre- and post-treatment measurements revealed that TNF-alpha, CRP, and leukocyte count decreased to levels comparable with those of the control subjects ( P<0.001, P=0.01, and P=0.01, respectively).Conclusions The results emphasized that some immunological parameters, such as CRP, leukocyte count and TNF-alpha, are significantly involved in the clinical course and treatment response in MDD. TNF-alpha in particular could be considered as a potential state marker in MDD.
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Anti-inflammatory action of SSRI and SNRIs has been hypothesized through which they can indirectly reduce depressive symptoms, although findings are still contradictory.
“Indeed, anti-inflammatory action of SSRI and serotonin and noradrenaline inhibitors (SNRIs) has been hypothesized through which they can indirectly reduce depressive symptoms [124,125,126], even though the findings are still contradictory [77].”
From C-Reactive protein as a biomarker for major depressive disorder? (2022) · cites this paper as [124]
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Jha, M. K., Minhajuddin, A., Chin-Fatt, C., Greer, T. L., Carmody, T. J., & Trivedi, M. H. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.03.013 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Astrocytic TNFα regulates the behavioral response to antidepressants
Duseja, R., Heir, R., Lewitus, G. M., Altimimi, H. F., & Stellwagen, D. (2015) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.09.012 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mandal, G., Kirkpatrick, M., Alboni, S., Mariani, N., Pariante, C. M., & Borsini, A. (2024) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyae041 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tuglu, C., Kara, S. H., Caliyurt, O., Vardar, E., & Abay, E.
- Affiliations
- Trakya University (TR)
- ORCID
- Vardar, Erdal
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2003-12-01
- Volume
- 170
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 429-433
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- OpenAlex
- W2044508901
- Cited by
- 391
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 3.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Trakya University's Institutional Open Access System (Trakya University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, TNF-α, C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, antidepressant response, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, inflammatory cytokines, depression biomarkers, immune activation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Sedimentation, C-Reactive Protein, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Leukocyte Count, Male, Severity of Illness Index, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Case-Control Studies, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
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