The plasma levels of various cytokines are increased during ongoing depression and are reduced to normal levels after recovery
Abstract
Background Cytokines are implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the pattern of alterations in cytokine levels is still unclear. The current study investigated the plasma levels of a range of cytokines in a follow-up design, with the aim of determining their involvement in depression.Methods Fifty medication-free MDD patients with a depressive episode and 34 healthy controls were included at baseline; the patients were followed up after 12 weeks. Before initiating treatment, the patients were diagnosed and assessed for depressive symptoms and blood for cytokine analysis was obtained. The same clinical assessments and cytokine measurements were performed after 12 weeks of "treatment as usual."Results The cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and interferon gamma (IFNγ) were significantly elevated (p=0.01-0.047) in depressed patients at baseline compared to healthy controls. After 12 weeks of treatment, the plasma levels of seven of these nine cytokines (IL-1Ra, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, G-CSF, and IFNγ had decreased significantly compared to baseline and did not differ from those in the healthy controls. The depressive symptoms were simultaneously significantly reduced. In addition, the reduction to normal cytokines levels occurred only in those who met the recovery criteria.Conclusion A more general pattern of elevated cytokine levels is described herein relative to what has been described previously shown in MDD. Furthermore, recovery from depression was associated with reduction to normal levels of the majority of the measured cytokines. These results strongly support the notion that a complex network of cytokines is involved in the pathophysiology of MDD.
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High levels of inflammation are associated with many mental health conditions including depression.
“High levels of inflammation are associated with many mental health conditions including depression [29–30].”
From Singing modulates mood, stress, cortisol, cytokine and neuropeptide activity in cancer patients and carers (2016) · cites this paper as [29]
Acute and chronic stress and depression are associated with increases in stress hormones and inflammatory immune response.
“Following research showing that both acute and chronic stress and depression are associated with increases in stress hormones and inflammatory immune response [29–30]”
From Singing modulates mood, stress, cortisol, cytokine and neuropeptide activity in cancer patients and carers (2016) · cites this paper as [29]
Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α and IFNγ have been consistently reported in the blood of depressed patients.
“Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFNγ) have been consistently reported in the blood of depressed patients [138,139,140]”
From P2X7 Receptor Signaling in Stress and Depression (2019) · cites this paper as [140]
Antidepressant treatment seems to attenuate the immunological response.
“Moreover, antidepressant treatment seem to attenuate this immunological response [140,143].”
From P2X7 Receptor Signaling in Stress and Depression (2019) · cites this paper as [140]
Treatment with antidepressants can result in an antiinflammatory response throughout the brain, mitigating the inflammatory unbalance to homeostatic levels and normalizing BDNF concentrations.
“Interestingly, treatment with antidepressants can result in an antiinflammatory response throughout the brain, mitigating the inflammatory unbalance to homeostatic levels and normalizing BDNF concentrations [83, 84].”
From Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain Disorders: Focus on Neuroinflammation (2019) · cites this paper as [83]
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InfluentialRole of interleukin 8 in depression and other psychiatric disorders
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InfluentialInflammatory cytokines in major depressive disorder: A case–control study
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- Authors
- Dahl, J., Ormstad, H., Aass, H. C. D., Malt, U. F., Bendz, L. T., Sandvik, L., Brundin, L., & Andreassen, O. A.
- Affiliations
- Vestre Viken Hospital Trust (NO)
- Buskerud University College (NO)
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- Van Andel Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dahl, Johan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-07
- Volume
- 45
- Pages
- 77-86
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2134586420
- Cited by
- 424
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 9.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Helse Sør-Øst RHF
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, cytokines, plasma cytokines, interleukin-6, IL-10, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, interferon-gamma, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, recovery from depression, usual care
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antidepressive Agents, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Severity of Illness Index, Up-Regulation, Case-Control Studies, Cytokines, Treatment Outcome, Inflammation Mediators, Recovery of Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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