Fenugreek and Its Effects on Muscle Performance: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Fenugreek extracts possess promising physiological and pharmacological properties in human and animal models. This review aims to provide a scientific and comprehensive analysis of the literature on the effects of fenugreek extracts on muscle performance. An extensive online search was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guidelines. The main medical and scientific engines were searched for articles from May 1981 to May 2021 to capture all scientific studies focused on the effect of fenugreek on muscle and exercise or sport. Out of 81 studies acquired, six eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the qualitative analysis. Four RCTs observed that fenugreek supplementation had significantly improved muscle strength, repetitions to failure (muscle endurance), submaximal performance index, lean body mass, and reduced body fat. Among the remaining two trials, one reported the significant effect of fenugreek extracts on the rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis during post-exercise recovery; however, the other failed to do so. Those two trials were weak, with a minimal sample size (<10). Further, fenugreek glycoside supplementation with sapogenins and saponins reported substantial anabolic and androgenic activity, influencing testosterone levels and muscle performance. It was useful during eight weeks of resistance training without any clinical side effects. Fenugreek with creatine supplementation improved creatine uptake without the necessity of high carbohydrate intake. Hence, fenugreek extracts can be a helpful natural supplement and ergogenic aid for athletes. However, it is better to be aware of doping and liver and kidney damage before using the fenugreek supplement.
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Phytosteroids such as 20-hydroxyecdysone and diosgenin have potential performance-enhancing and anabolic effects.
“Phytosteroids, like 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) or diosgenin (DSG) are gaining attention for their potential performance-enhancing and anabolic effects [7–10].”
From How reliable is the labeling of a commercial phytosteroid product? A 12-week randomized double-blind training study (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
Section 4.4 identifies diosgenin as a constituent of fenugreek and says that the sapogenins and saponins in fenugreek have demonstrated anabolic activity. Sections 4.1–4.2 also discuss performance and anabolic effects of fenugreek extracts, but the copy does not address 20-hydroxyecdysone or establish these effects for phytosteroids generally. No page numbers were provided for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe RT program used in this study was previously used by Isenmann et al. [9], showing significant improvements in 1-RM for SQ and BP, as well as gains in muscle mass, with only minor adjustments made for the current intervention.
“The described RT program was previously used by Isenmann et al. [9], showing significant improvements in 1-RM for SQ and BP, as well as gains in muscle mass, with only minor adjustments made to the RT program for the current intervention.”
From How reliable is the labeling of a commercial phytosteroid product? A 12-week randomized double-blind training study (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
The Results (section 3.2) report bench-press strength and lean-body-mass gains in fenugreek trials, but do not identify an Isenmann program or report squat 1-RM results. Searches for Isenmann and for the RT program found no passage establishing that the citing study reused that program with minor adjustments. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Albaker, W. I.
- Affiliations
- Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Albaker, Waleed I.
- ORCID
- Albaker, Waleed I.
- Venue
- Journal of Personalized Medicine
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-02-27
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 427
- ISSN
- 2075-4426 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10054907
- OpenAlex
- W4322500624
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 0.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Personalized Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- fenugreek, muscle performance, muscle strength, muscular endurance, lean body mass, fat loss, muscle glycogen resynthesis, post-exercise recovery, resistance training, creatine supplementation, ergogenic aids, athletes, testosterone, saponins, sapogenins, doping, liver and kidney damage
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