The Effect of Consuming Carbohydrate With and Without Protein on the Rate of Muscle Glycogen Re-synthesis During Short-Term Post-exercise Recovery: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
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Background: Rapid restoration of muscle glycogen stores is imperative for athletes undertaking consecutive strenuous exercise sessions with limited recovery time (e.g. ≤ 8 h). Strategies to optimise muscle glycogen re-synthesis in this situation are essential. This two-part systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effect of consuming carbohydrate (CHO) with and without protein (PRO) on the rate of muscle glycogen re-synthesis during short-term post-exercise recovery (≤ 8 h). Methods: Studies were identified via the online databases Web of Science and Scopus. Investigations that measured muscle glycogen via needle biopsy during recovery (with the first measurement taken ≤ 30 min post-exercise and at least one additional measure taken ≤ 8 h post-exercise) following a standardised exercise bout (any type) under the following control vs. intervention conditions were included in the meta-analysis: part 1, water (or non-nutrient beverage) vs. CHO, and part 2, CHO vs. CHO+PRO. Publications were examined for methodological quality using the Rosendal scale. Random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regression analyses were conducted to evaluate intervention efficacy. Results: Overall, 29 trials (n = 246 participants) derived from 21 publications were included in this review. The quality assessment yielded a Rosendal score of 61 ± 8% (mean ± standard deviation). Part 1: 10 trials (n = 86) were reviewed. Ingesting CHO during recovery (1.02 ± 0.4 g·kg body mass (BM)−1 h−1) improved the rate of muscle glycogen re-synthesis compared with water; change in muscle glycogen (MG Δ) re-synthesis rate = 23.5 mmol·kg dm−1 h−1, 95% CI 19.0–27.9, p < 0.001; I2 = 66.8%. A significant positive correlation (R2 = 0.44, p = 0.027) was observed between interval of CHO administration (≤ hourly vs. > hourly) and the mean difference in rate of re-synthesis between treatments. Part 2: 19 trials (n = 160) were reviewed. Ingesting CHO+PRO (CHO: 0.86 ± 0.2 g·kg BM−1 h−1; PRO: 0.27 ± 0.1 g·kg BM−1 h−1) did not improve the rate of muscle glycogen re-synthesis compared to CHO alone (0.95 ± 0.3 g·kg BM−1 h−1); MG Δ re-synthesis rate = 0.4 mmol·kg dm−1 h−1, 95% CI −2.7 to 3.4, p = 0.805; I2 = 56.4%. Conclusions: Athletes with limited time for recovery between consecutive exercise sessions should prioritise regular intake of CHO, while co-ingesting PRO with CHO appears unlikely to enhance (or impede) the rate of muscle glycogen re-synthesis. Trial Registration: Registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (identification code CRD42020156841).
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Co-ingestion of carbohydrate (0.86 g·kg−1⋅h−1) with protein (0.27 g·kg−1⋅h−1) did not increase muscle glycogen re-synthesis more than carbohydrate per se when ingested at 0.95 g·kg−1⋅h−1 during short-term post-exercise recovery (≤ 8 h).
“reporting that co-ingestion of carbohydrate (0.86 g·kg−1⋅h−1) with protein (0.27 g·kg−1⋅h−1) did not increase muscle glycogen re-synthesis more than carbohydrate per se when ingested at 0.95 g·kg−1⋅h−1 during short-term post-exercise recovery (≤ 8 h) [86]”
From Nutritional Strategies to Improve Post-exercise Recovery and Subsequent Exercise Performance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [86]
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- Authors
- Craven, J., Desbrow, B., Sabapathy, S., Bellinger, P., McCartney, D., & Irwin, C.
- Affiliations
- Griffith University (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Craven, Jonathan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Sports Medicine - Open
- Published
- 2021-01-28
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 9-9
- ISSN
- 2198-9761 (ISSN-L)
- 2199-1170
- PMC
- PMC7843684
- OpenAlex
- W3124413528
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 0.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Sports Medicine - Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- post-exercise recovery, muscle glycogen resynthesis, carbohydrate intake, protein intake, athletes
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