Microbiome and Probiotics in Acne Vulgaris—A Narrative Review
Open accessAbstract
Acne vulgaris is a chronic disease characterised by the appearance of eruptions such as whiteheads, blackheads, pustules, papules, and cysts. Among factors that cause acne vulgaris are the abnormal keratinisation of the sebaceous canal, bacterial colonisation (Cutibacterium acnes), increased sebum production, genotypic factors, and hormonal disorders. Treatment is often long and tedious, and can lead to a reduction in quality of life and social isolation. The intestinal microbiota is greatly important in the formation of acne lesions. It is also responsible for the proper immunity of the organism. Acne is a disease that can be related to the condition of the digestive tract and its microbiome. Research shows that the use of probiotics may reduce skin eruptions. The probiotic supplementation and cosmetics markets are very dynamically developing. The use of internal supplementation and probiotic-containing cosmetics gives hope for the improvement of the skin condition of people with acne.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In cosmetology, probiotics have been added to everyday care products, and fragments of cell walls and non-living bacteria are contained in probiotic cosmetics such as serums, creams, ointments, body gels, body balms, and shampoos.
“In cosmetology, probiotics have been added to everyday care products. Fragments of cell walls and non-living bacteria are contained in probiotic cosmetics such as serums, creams, ointments, body gels, body balms, and shampoos [210].”
From The Potential Impact of Probiotics on Human Health: An Update on Their Health-Promoting Properties (2024) · cites this paper as [210]
Probiotics in cosmetology and dermatology are mainly incorporated into products for washing and caring for skin with atopic dermatitis; for treating acne-prone skin and skin with eczema and psoriasis; and even for skin after invasive treatments in cosmetology or medicine (exfoliation with acids).
“Regarding the usage of probiotics in cosmetology and dermatology, they are mainly incorporated into products for washing and caring for skin with atopic dermatitis; for treating acne-prone skin and skin with eczema and psoriasis; and even for skin after invasive treatments in cosmetology or medicine (exfoliation with acids) [210].”
From The Potential Impact of Probiotics on Human Health: An Update on Their Health-Promoting Properties (2024) · cites this paper as [210]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hill (2014) · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66 · Cited by 9,592 · see citing works
Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation.
Belkaid, Y., & Hand, T. W. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011 · Cited by 5,385 · see citing works
Grice, E. A., & Segre, J. A. (2011) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2537 · Cited by 3,143 · see citing works
Topographical and Temporal Diversity of the Human Skin Microbiome
Grice, E. A., Kong, H. H., Conlan, S., Deming, C. B., Davis, J., Young, A. C., Program, N. C. S., Bouffard, G. G., Blakesley, R. W., Murray, P. R., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1171700 · Cited by 2,953 · see citing works
Salminen, S., Collado, M. C., Endo, A., Hill, C., Lebeer, S., Quigley, E. M. M., Sanders, M. E., Shamir, R., Swann, J. R., Szajewska, H., et al. (2021) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-021-00440-6 · Cited by 2,488 · see citing works
Swanson, K. S., Gibson, G. R., Hutkins, R., Reimer, R. A., Reid, G., Verbeke, K., Scott, K. P., Holscher, H. D., Azad, M. B., Delzenne, N. M., et al. (2020) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-020-0344-2 · Cited by 2,196 · see citing works
Schweiger, D., Baufeld, C., Drescher, P., Oltrogge, B., Höpfner, S., Mess, A., Lüttke, J., Rippke, F., Filbry, A. W., & Max, H. (2013) · Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1159/000348473 · Cited by 1,348 · see citing works
Topographic diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in human skin
NIH Intramural Sequencing Center Comparative Sequencing Program, Findley, K., Oh, J., Yang, J., Conlan, S., Deming, C., Meyer, J. A., Schoenfeld, D., Nomicos, E., Park, M., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12171 · Cited by 1,206 · see citing works
Temporal Stability of the Human Skin Microbiome
Oh, J., Byrd, A. L., Park, M., Kong, H. H., & Segre, J. A. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.008 · Cited by 1,036 · see citing works
Propionibacterium acnes Strain Populations in the Human Skin Microbiome Associated with Acne
Fitz‐Gibbon, S. T., Tomida, S., Chiu, B.-H., Nguyen, L., Du, C., Liu, M., Elashoff, D. A., Erfe, M. C. B., Loncaric, A., Kim, J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2013.21 · Cited by 777 · see citing works
The gut microbiome as a major regulator of the gut-skin axis
Salem, I., Ramser, A., Isham, N., & Ghannoum, M. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01459 · Cited by 707 · see citing works
The Malassezia Genus in Skin and Systemic Diseases
Gaitanis, G., Magiatis, P., Hantschke, M., Bassukas, I. D., & Velegraki, A. (2012) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00021-11 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
The human virome: assembly, composition and host interactions
Liang, G., & Bushman, F. D. (2021) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-021-00536-5 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Structure and function of the human skin microbiome
Schommer, N. N., & Gallo, R. L. (2013) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2013.10.001 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Scholz, C. F. P., & Kilian, M. (2016) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY · doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001367 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Bacterial Contribution in Chronicity of Wounds
Rahim, K., Saleha, S., Zhu, X., Huo, L., Basit, A., & Franco, O. L. (2016) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-016-0867-9 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Tuchayi, S. M., Makrantonaki, E., Ganceviciene, R., Dessinioti, C., Feldman, S. R., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2015) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.29 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
What is new in the pathophysiology of acne, an overview
Dréno, B. (2017) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.14374 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Human Skin Microbiome: Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on Skin Microbiota
Skowron, K., Bauza-Kaszewska, J., Kraszewska, Z., Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, N., Grudlewska‐Buda, K., Kwiecińska-Piróg, J., Wałecka-Zacharska, E., Radtke, L., & Gospodarek-Komkowska, E. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9030543 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Nagy, I., Pivarcsi, A., Koreck, A., Széll, M., Urbán, E. Z., & Kemény, L. V. (2005) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23705.x · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Potential Role of the Microbiome in Acne: A Comprehensive Review
Lee, Y. B., Byun, E. J., & Kim, H. S. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8070987 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Hannigan, G. D., Meisel, J. S., Tyldsley, A. S., Zheng, Q., Hodkinson, B. P., SanMiguel, A. J., Minot, S. S., Bushman, F. D., & Grice, E. A. (2015) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01578-15 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
The Follicular Skin Microbiome in Patients With Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Healthy Controls
Ring, H. C., Thorsen, J., Saunte, D. M. L., Lilje, B., Bay, L., Riis, P. T., Larsen, N., Andersen, L. O., Nielsen, H. V., Miller, I. M., et al. (2017) · JAMA Dermatology · doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.0904 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Propionibacterium acnes colonization of the human shoulder
Patel, A. A., Calfee, R. P., Plante, M. J., et al. (2009) · Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jse.2009.01.023 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Acne vulgaris, probiotics and the gut-brain-skin axis - back to the future?
Bowe, W. P., & Logan, A. C. (2011) · Gut Pathogens · doi:10.1186/1757-4749-3-1 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Microbiology of the skin and the role of biofilms in infection
Percival, S. L., Emanuel, C., CUTTING, K. F., & Williams, D. W. (2011) · International Wound Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-481x.2011.00836.x · Cited by 274 · see citing works
The balance of metagenomic elements shapes the skin microbiome in acne and health
Barnard, E., Shi, B., Kang, D., Craft, N. A., & Li, H. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep39491 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Propionibacterium acnes : an update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne
Beylot, C., Auffret, N., Poli, F., Claudel, J. P., Leccia, M. ‐., Giudice, P. D., & Dréno, B. (2013) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.12224 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
The Skin and Gut Microbiome and Its Role in Common Dermatologic Conditions
Ellis, S. R., Nguyen, M., Vaughn, A. R., Notay, M., Burney, W. A., Sandhu, S., & Sivamani, R. K. (2019) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms7110550 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Gasbarrini, A., Bonvicini, F., & Gramenzi, A. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000000697 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Performing Skin Microbiome Research: A Method to the Madness
Kong, H. H., Andersson, B., Clavel, T., Common, J., Jackson, S. A., Olson, N. D., Segre, J. A., & Traidl‐Hoffmann, C. (2017) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2016.10.033 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Update of probiotics in human world: A nonstop source of benefactions till the end of time
Zommiti, M., Feuilloley, M. G. J., & Connil, N. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8121907 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Probst, A. J., Auerbach, A. K., & Moissl‐Eichinger, C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065388 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Tomida, S., Nguyen, L., Chiu, B.-H., Liu, J., Sodergren, E. J., Weinstock, G. M., & Li, H. (2013) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00003-13 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Kang, B. S., Seo, J., Lee, G.-S., Jung-Hwa, K., Kim, S. Y., Han, Y. W., Kang, H., Kim, H. O., Rhee, J. H., Chung, M.-J., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12275-008-0179-y · Cited by 195 · see citing works
What causes hidradenitis suppurativa ?—15 years after
Zouboulis, C. C., Benhadou, F., Byrd, A. S., Chandran, N. S., Giamarellos‐Bourboulis, E. J., Fabbrocini, G., Frew, J. W., Fujita, H., González-López, M. A., Guillem, P., et al. (2020) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.14214 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Acne and quality of life – impact and management
Gieler, U., Gieler, T., & Kupfer, J. (2015) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.13191 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Impact of prebiotics and probiotics on skin health
Al‐Ghazzewi, F. H., & Tester, R. F. (2014) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2013.0040 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Jung, G. W., Tse, J. E., Guiha, I., & Rao, J. (2013) · Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.2310/7750.2012.12026 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Oral spironolactone improves acne vulgaris and reduces sebum excretion
GOODFELLOW, A., ALAGHBAND-ZADEH, J., CARTER, G., CREAM, J. J., HOLLAND, S., SCULLY, J., & WISE, P. (1984) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb04045.x · Cited by 172 · see citing works
The Role of Malassezia spp. in Atopic Dermatitis
Glatz, M., Bosshard, P. P., Hoetzenecker, W., & Schmid‐Grendelmeier, P. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm4061217 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Patients with Acne Vulgaris Have a Distinct Gut Microbiota in Comparison with Healthy Controls
Deng, Y., Wang, H., Zhou, J. W., Mou, Y., Wang, G., & Xiong, X. (2018) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/00015555-2968 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Acne Pathogenesis: Implications for Therapy
Das, S., & Reynolds, R. V. (2014) · American Journal of Clinical Dermatology · doi:10.1007/s40257-014-0099-z · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Acne vulgaris, probiotics and the gut-brain-skin axis: from anecdote to translational medicine
Bowe, W. P., Patel, N., & Logan, A. C. (2013) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2012.0060 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Probiotics in Cosmetic and Personal Care Products: Trends and Challenges
Puebla-Barragan, S., & Reid, G. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26051249 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Brook, I. (1999) · Critical Reviews in Microbiology · doi:10.1080/10408419991299211 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Gut microbiota alterations in moderate to severe acne vulgaris patients
Yan, H., Zhao, H., Guo, D., Zhu, P., Zhang, C., & Jiang, W. (2018) · The Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1346-8138.14586 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Yu, Y., Champer, J., Agak, G. W., Kao, S., Modlin, R. L., & Kim, J. J. (2016) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2016.06.615 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Katsuta, Y., Iida, T., Inomata, S., & Denda, M. (2005) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23682.x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Schaller, M., Loewenstein, M., Borelli, C., Jacob, K., Vogeser, M., Burgdorf, W. H. C., & Plewig, G. (2005) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06530.x · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Topical Probiotics in Dermatological Therapy and Skincare: A Concise Review
França, K. (2020) · Dermatology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13555-020-00476-7 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Staudinger, T., Pipal, A., & Redl, B. (2011) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04991.x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Marzio, L. D., Cinque, B., Simone, C. D., & Cifone, M. G. (1999) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00633.x · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Evidence for Acne-Promoting Effects of Milk and Other Insulinotropic Dairy Products
Melnik, B. C. (2011) · Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop series · doi:10.1159/000325580 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Tsai, W.-H., Chou, C.-H., Chiang, Y.-J., Lin, C.-G., & Lee, C.-H. (2021) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.51545 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Al‐Ghazzewi, F. H., & Tester, R. F. (2009) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2009.00555.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Prebiotics and probiotics in atopic dermatitis (Review)
Rusu, E., Enache, G., Cursaru, R., Alexescu, A., Radu, R., Onila, O., Cavallioti, T., Rusu, F., Posea, M., Jinga, M., et al. (2019) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2019.7678 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Microbiome, holobiont and the net of life
Salvucci, E. (2014) · Critical Reviews in Microbiology · doi:10.3109/1040841x.2014.962478 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Acne and Stress: Impact of Catecholamines on Cutibacterium acnes
Borrel, V., THOMAS, P. A., Catovic, C., Racine, P., Konto‐Ghiorghi, Y., Lefeuvre, L., Poc, C. D., Zouboulis, C. C., & Feuilloley, M. G. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2019.00155 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The Microbiome in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Review
Wark, K. J. L., & Cains, G. D. (2020) · Dermatology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13555-020-00465-w · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Topical probiotics: the unknowns behind their rising popularity
Lee, G. R., Maarouf, M., Hendricks, A. J., Lee, D. E., & Shi, V. Y. (2019) · Dermatology Online Journal · doi:10.5070/d3255044062 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Probiotics in dermatologic practice
Fuchs‐Tarlovsky, V., Marquez-Barba, M. F., & Sriram, K. (2015) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2015.09.001 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Chilicka, K., Rogowska, A. M., Szyguła, R., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69530-w · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of UV-light on human skin microorganisms
Faergemann, J., & Larkö, O. (1987) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/00015555676972 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Whiteside, J. A., & Voss, J. G. (1973) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12724177 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Dekio, I., McDowell, A., Sakamoto, M., et al. (2019) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY · doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.003274 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Bikowski, J., & Rosso, J. Q. D. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Adaptation of acneic and non acneic strains of Cutibacterium acnes to sebum‐like environment
Borrel, V., Gannesen, A. V., Barreau, M., et al. (2019) · MicrobiologyOpen · doi:10.1002/mbo3.841 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Benson, K. F. (2012) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i16.1875 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Staphylococcus aureus and Host Immunity in Recurrent Furunculosis
Nowicka, D., & Grywalska, E. (2019) · Dermatology · doi:10.1159/000499184 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationEspinoza-Monje, M., Campos, J., Alvarez Villamil, E., Jerez, A., Dentice Maidana, S., Elean, M., Salva, S., Kitazawa, H., Villena, J., & García-Cancino, A. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9071486 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
[Impact of the impaired intestinal microflora on the course of acne vulgaris].
Volkova, L. A., Il, K., & Kabanova, I. N. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Gannesen, A. V., Borrel, V., Lefeuvre, L., et al. (2018) · MicrobiologyOpen · doi:10.1002/mbo3.659 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Probiotics and prebiotics in atopic dermatitis: Pros and cons (Review)
Fanfaret, I., Boda, D., Ion, L., Hosseyni, D., Leru, P. M., Ali, S., Corcea, S. L., & Bumbăcea, R. S. (2021) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2021.10811 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Kim, J., Kim, H., Jeon, S., et al. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10248955 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Nowicka, D., Chilicka, K., & Dzieńdziora-Urbińska, I. (2022) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens11010071 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationMalassezia infection: is there any chance or necessity in refractory acne?
Gang, H. U., Yu-ping, W., & Feng, J. (2010) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2010.05.022 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Comparative Studies of Enteric Bacterial Flora in Acne Vulgaris1
Loveman, D. E., Noojin, R. O., & Winkler, C. H. (1955) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.1955.110 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Adamczyk, K., Garncarczyk, A. A., & Antończak, P. (2018) · Dermatology Review · doi:10.5114/dr.2018.75584 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Probiotics in acne skin care. A review of the latest scientific reports
Urody, O., Kurkowska, N., & Musiał, C. (2021) · Aesthetic Cosmetology and Medicine · doi:10.52336/acm.2021.10.2.09 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [77]Kurzekar N. Waseule D. Probiotics in skin care products—A review IJRTI 2018 3 166 175
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Potential Impact of Probiotics on Human Health: An Update on Their Health-Promoting Properties
Maftei, N.-M., Raileanu, C. R., Balta, A. A., Ambrose, L., Boev, M., Marin, D. B., & Lisa, E. L. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12020234 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
- Authors
- Chilicka, K., Dzieńdziora-Urbińska, I., Szyguła, R., Asanova, B., & Nowicka, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Opole (PL)
- Medical University of Sofia (BG)
- Wroclaw Medical University (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Chilicka, Karolina
- Venue
- Life
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-03-15
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 422
- ISSN
- 2075-1729 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8953587
- OpenAlex
- W4220792776
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10
- FWCI
- 2.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Life (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Acne and Rosacea Treatments and Effects
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- acne, gut microbiota, probiotics, Propionibacterium acnes, sebaceous glands, keratinization, sebum production, acne treatment, skin health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
