Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Is Associated with Elevated Bile Acids in Parkinson’s Disease
Open accessAbstract
The gut microbiome can impact brain health and is altered in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The vermiform appendix is a lymphoid tissue in the cecum implicated in the storage and regulation of the gut microbiota. We sought to determine whether the appendix microbiome is altered in PD and to analyze the biological consequences of the microbial alterations. We investigated the changes in the functional microbiota in the appendix of PD patients relative to controls (n = 12 PD, 16 C) by metatranscriptomic analysis. We found microbial dysbiosis affecting lipid metabolism, including an upregulation of bacteria responsible for secondary bile acid synthesis. We then quantitatively measure changes in bile acid abundance in PD relative to the controls in the appendix (n = 15 PD, 12 C) and ileum (n = 20 PD, 20 C). Bile acid analysis in the PD appendix reveals an increase in hydrophobic and secondary bile acids, deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA). Further proteomic and transcriptomic analysis in the appendix and ileum corroborated these findings, highlighting changes in the PD gut that are consistent with a disruption in bile acid control, including alterations in mediators of cholesterol homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Microbially derived toxic bile acids are heightened in PD, which suggests biliary abnormalities may play a role in PD pathogenesis.
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Elevated levels of secondary bile acids are found in PD patients, while findings regarding primary bile acids have yielded varying results.
“Studies have revealed elevated levels of secondary BAs in PD patients, while findings regarding primary BAs have yielded varying results.377–380”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [378]
Because of dysbiosis, lipid, amino acid and energy metabolism are often dysregulated in Parkinson's disease patients.
“because of dysbiosis, lipid, amino acid and energy metabolism are often dysregulated in PD patients [96,97,98,99,100]”
From The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Parkinson’s Disease: Implications on Diagnosis and Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [98]
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- Authors
- Li, P., Killinger, B. A., Ensink, E., Beddows, I., Yilmaz, A., Lubben, N., Lamp, J., Schilthuis, M., Vega, I. E., Woltjer, R., Pospisilik, J. A., Brundin, P., Brundin, L., Graham, S. F., & Labrie, V.
- Affiliations
- Van Andel Institute (US)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Metabolomics Department, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
- Michigan State University (US)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Oakland University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Peipei
- ORCID
- Venue
- Metabolites
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-01-04
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29
- ISSN
- 2218-1989 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7823437
- OpenAlex
- W3119745320
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 7.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Metabolites (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Farmer Family Foundation
- Department of Defense (W81XWH1810512)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (1R21NS112614-01, 1R01NS113894-01A1, 1R01NS114409-01A1, 1R01NS110838-01A1)
- Gibby & Friends vs. Parky Award
- National Institutes on Aging (1R21AG067083-01)
- Alzheimer’s Association (AARG-17-530020)
- Michael J. Fox Foundation (MJFF16201)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, gut dysbiosis, appendix, bile acids, secondary bile acids, deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, lipid metabolism, cholesterol homeostasis, ileum, metatranscriptomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, neurodegeneration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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