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Cited by 18Alzheimer's disease research and treatmentsNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

An Association of Pathogens and Biofilms with Alzheimer’s Disease

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Chakravarthi, Sandhya T., Joshi, Suresh G.·2021·Microorganisms
DOI 10.3390/microorganisms10010056PMC PMC8778325
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Abstract

As one of the leading causes of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a condition in which individuals experience progressive cognitive decline. Although it is known that beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposits and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) of tau fibrils are hallmark characteristics of AD, the exact causes of these pathologies are still mostly unknown. Evidence that infectious diseases may cause AD pathology has been accumulating for decades. The association between microbial pathogens and AD is widely studied, and there are noticeable correlations between some bacterial species and AD pathologies, especially spirochetes and some of the oral microbes. Borrelia burgdorferi has been seen to correlate with Aβ plaques and NFTs in infected cells. Because of the evidence of spirochetes in AD patients, Treponema pallidum and other oral treponemes are speculated to be a potential cause of AD. T. pallidum has been seen to form aggregates in the brain when the disease disseminates to the brain that closely resemble the Aβ plaques of AD patients. This review examines the evidence as to whether pathogens could be the cause of AD and its pathology. It offers novel speculations that treponemes may be able to induce or correlate with Alzheimer’s disease.

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  • Similar to B. burgdorferi, T. pallidum accumulates as spirochetes that are visually indistinguishable from senile plaques in AD brains and require more advanced microscopy or chemical analysis to define these plaques.

    “Similar to B. burgdorferi, T. pallidum accumulates as spirochetes that are visually indistinguishable from senile plaques in AD brains and require more advanced microscopy or chemical analysis to define these plaques [70,71].”

    From What would it take to prove that a chronic infection is a causal agent in Alzheimer’s disease? (2025) · cites this paper as [70]

    Section 3.2 (Treponema; page not provided) says T. pallidum can form brain aggregates that highly resemble senile plaques in AD. It does not say they are visually indistinguishable or that advanced microscopy or chemical analysis is required to identify them. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • There is also evidence that T. pallidum can form neurofibrillary tangles.

    “There is also evidence that T. pallidum can form neurofibrillary tangles [70,71].”

    From What would it take to prove that a chronic infection is a causal agent in Alzheimer’s disease? (2025) · cites this paper as [70]

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Authors
Chakravarthi, S. T., & Joshi, S. G.
Affiliations
Drexel University (US)
Corresponding author
Joshi, Suresh G.
ORCID
Joshi, Suresh G.
Venue
Microorganisms
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-12-28
Volume
10
Issue
1
Pages
56
ISSN
2076-2607 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/microorganisms10010056
PMC
PMC8778325
OpenAlex
W4200342512
Cited by
18
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2
FWCI
0.37
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Microorganisms (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Drexel University
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords
Alzheimer's disease, pathogenic microorganisms, biofilm, spirochetes, Treponema pallidum, Borrelia burgdorferi, oral treponemes, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, tau pathology

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