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Cited by 203Alzheimer's disease research and treatmentsSyphilis Diagnosis and TreatmentDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

Historic evidence to support a causal relationship between spirochetal infections and Alzheimer’s disease

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Miklossy, Judith·2015·Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
DOI 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00046PMC PMC4399390
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Abstract

Following previous observations a statistically significant association between various types of spirochetes and Alzheimer's disease (AD) fulfilled Hill's criteria in favor of a causal relationship. If spirochetal infections can indeed cause AD, the pathological and biological hallmarks of AD should also occur in syphilitic dementia. To answer this question, observations and illustrations on the detection of spirochetes in the atrophic form of general paresis, which is known to be associated with slowly progressive dementia, were reviewed and compared with the characteristic pathology of AD. Historic observations and illustrations published in the first half of the 20th Century indeed confirm that the pathological hallmarks, which define AD, are also present in syphilitic dementia. Cortical spirochetal colonies are made up by innumerable tightly spiraled Treponema pallidum spirochetes, which are morphologically indistinguishable from senile plaques, using conventional light microscopy. Local brain amyloidosis also occurs in general paresis and, as in AD, corresponds to amyloid beta. These historic observations enable us to conclude that chronic spirochetal infections can cause dementia and reproduce the defining hallmarks of AD. They represent further evidence in support a causal relationship between various spirochetal infections and AD. They also indicate that local invasion of the brain by these helically shaped bacteria reproduce the filamentous pathology characteristic of AD. Chronic infection by spirochetes, and co-infection with other bacteria and viruses should be included in our current view on the etiology of AD. Prompt action is needed as AD might be prevented.

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  • Similar to B. burgdorferi, T. pallidum accumulates as spirochetes that are visually indistinguishable from senile plaques in AD brains and require more advanced microscopy or chemical analysis to define these plaques.

    “Similar to B. burgdorferi, T. pallidum accumulates as spirochetes that are visually indistinguishable from senile plaques in AD brains and require more advanced microscopy or chemical analysis to define these plaques [70,71].”

    From What would it take to prove that a chronic infection is a causal agent in Alzheimer’s disease? (2025) · cites this paper as [71]

    In “Pathological Hallmarks of Syphilitic Dementia Compared to AD” (page unavailable), the paper describes T. pallidum colonies in the cortex of patients with general paresis as morphologically indistinguishable from some senile plaques in AD; Figure 1 shows individual spirochetes at higher magnification. It does not establish that those T. pallidum colonies occur in AD brains, or state that advanced microscopy or chemical analysis is required to define the plaques. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • There is also evidence that T. pallidum can form neurofibrillary tangles.

    “There is also evidence that T. pallidum can form neurofibrillary tangles [70,71].”

    From What would it take to prove that a chronic infection is a causal agent in Alzheimer’s disease? (2025) · cites this paper as [71]

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Authors
Miklossy, J.
Venue
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2015-04-16
Volume
7
Pages
46-46
ISSN
1663-4365 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fnagi.2015.00046
PMC
PMC4399390
OpenAlex
W2022176071
Cited by
203
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 5
FWCI
2.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Global Lyme Alliance
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Syphilis Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords
Alzheimer's disease, spirochetal infection, Treponema pallidum, general paresis, amyloid plaques, amyloid-beta, cerebral amyloidosis, chronic infection, Hill's criteria, co-infection

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