Polymicrobial Infections In Brain Tissue From Alzheimer’s Disease Patients
Open accessAbstract
Several studies have advanced the idea that the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) could be microbial in origin. In the present study, we tested the possibility that polymicrobial infections exist in tissue from the entorhinal cortex/hippocampus region of patients with AD using immunohistochemistry (confocal laser scanning microscopy) and highly sensitive (nested) PCR. We found no evidence for expression of early (ICP0) or late (ICP5) proteins of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in brain sections. A polyclonal antibody against Borrelia detected structures that appeared not related to spirochetes, but rather to fungi. These structures were not found with a monoclonal antibody. Also, Borrelia DNA was undetectable by nested PCR in the ten patients analyzed. By contrast, two independent Chlamydophila antibodies revealed several structures that resembled fungal cells and hyphae, and prokaryotic cells, but most probably were unrelated to Chlamydophila spp . Finally, several structures that could belong to fungi or prokaryotes were detected using peptidoglycan and Clostridium antibodies , and PCR analysis revealed the presence of several bacteria in frozen brain tissue from AD patients. Thus, our results show that polymicrobial infections consisting of fungi and bacteria can be revealed in brain tissue from AD patients.
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Microbial sequence analyses revealed that bacterial colonization often accompanies fungal infections in the human brain; here, the normal variety of species and their abundance under normal conditions contrast with the higher burden noted in AD brains.
“Additionally, microbial sequence analyses revealed that bacterial colonization often accompanies fungal infections in the human brain; here, the normal variety of species and their abundance under normal conditions contrast with the higher burden noted in AD brains [134,135].”
From What would it take to prove that a chronic infection is a causal agent in Alzheimer’s disease? (2025) · cites this paper as [134]
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- Authors
- Pisa, D., Alonso, R., Fernández-Fernández, A. M., Rábano, A., & Carrasco, L.
- Affiliations
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Carrasco, Luis
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2017-07-17
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5559-5559
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5514053
- OpenAlex
- W2736247656
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 7.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Fundación Ramón Areces
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, co-infection, brain tissue, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, herpes simplex virus type 1, Borrelia, Chlamydophila, fungi, bacteria, peptidoglycan, Clostridium
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Antibody Specificity, Bacterial Infections, Brain, Candida, Female, Herpes Simplex, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Middle Aged, Case-Control Studies, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Herpesvirus 1, Human, Chlamydophila, Borrelia burgdorferi
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