Porphyromonas gingivalis Periodontal Infection and Its Putative Links with Alzheimer’s Disease
Open accessAbstract
Periodontal disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are inflammatory conditions affecting the global adult population. In the pathogenesis of PD, subgingival complex bacterial biofilm induces inflammation that leads to connective tissue degradation and alveolar bone resorption around the teeth. In health, junctional epithelium seals the gingiva to the tooth enamel, thus preventing bacteria from entering the gingivae. Chronic PD involves major pathogens ( Porphyromonas gingivalis , Treponema denticola , and Tannerella forsythia ) which have an immune armoury that can circumvent host’s immune surveillance to create and maintain an inflammatory mediator rich and toxic environment to grow and survive. The neurodegenerative condition, AD, is characterised by poor memory and specific hallmark proteins; periodontal pathogens are increasingly being linked with this dementing condition. It is therefore becoming important to understand associations of periodontitis with relevance to late‐onset AD. The aim of this review is to discuss the relevance of finding the keystone periodontal pathogen P. gingivalis in AD brains and its plausible contribution to the aetiological hypothesis of this dementing condition.
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Many studies have linked AD to a diverse variety of bacterial and viral pathogens.
“Many studies have linked AD to a diverse variety of bacterial and viral pathogens [529–531].”
From Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (2020) · cites this paper as [531]
A recent multi-omic study identified enrichment of HHV-6A and HHV-7 in AD patients compared to controls.
“A recent multi-omic study identified an enrichment of HHV-6A and HHV-7 in AD patients compared to controls [529–531].”
From Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (2020) · cites this paper as [531]
Significant overlap exists between expression of AD-associated genes and genomic viral load in the CNS; viral abundance may determine AD progression through regulation of genes associated with APP processing.
“Significant overlap exists between the expression of AD-associated genes and genomic viral load in the CNS; for example, viral abundance may determine AD progression through the regulation of genes associated with APP processing [529–531].”
From Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (2020) · cites this paper as [531]
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- Authors
- Singhrao, S. K., Harding, A., Poole, S., Kesavalu, L., & Crean, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Lancashire (GB)
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Singhrao, Sim K.
- Venue
- Mediators of Inflammation
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-01
- Volume
- 2015
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 137357-137357
- ISSN
- 0962-9351 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-1861
- PMC
- PMC4430664
- OpenAlex
- W1979495039
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 1.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Mediators of Inflammation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01DE020820)
- University of Central Lancashire (R01DE020820)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Oral and gingival health research
- Keywords
- Porphyromonas gingivalis, periodontitis, Alzheimer's disease, periodontal pathogens, subgingival plaque, neuroinflammation, late-onset Alzheimer's disease, host immune evasion, bacterial virulence factors
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Gingiva, Humans, Inflammation, Bacteroidaceae Infections, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Chronic Periodontitis
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